3o6 The Field Naturalist's Quarterly Nov. 



most Norman churches seem to have caught the character- 

 istic expression of the Norman castle keeps ; in fact, some 

 were actuall)^ defensive towers. The Norman church towers 

 are always massive, — very thick walls surmounted by low 

 square roof. Castor Church, Northamptonshire, is remark- 

 able for her exceedingly fine Norman central tower. 



Addendum. 



In my second article, under the head of Norman Archi- 

 tecture, I briefly referred to the origin of the most common 

 ornament of the Normans — viz., the chevron or zigzag. 

 This pattern is not to be found in classic architecture : it 

 is a barbaric pattern. In Ray S. Lineham's ' The Street 

 of Human Habitations,' on p. 34, we find, " Here is one 

 of the most beautiful objects used by the Bronze Chief in 

 his temple. It is the horn or trumpet with which he is 

 accustomed to call his tribe to worship, and perhaps also 

 he adores his god with a blast imitative of the awful 

 thunder peal, and peculiarly acceptable on that account. 

 Upon it you can discern quite a number of Bronze Age 

 symbols." Among these symbols we see distinctly the 

 sun-snake or svastika, the zigzag, &c. The sun-snake is 

 a special emblem of fertility ; the zigzag is the representa- 

 tion of the zigzag flashes of lightning.^ Thus the bronze 

 horn found in the bog of Wismar throws ancient light on 

 the zigzag. This bronze horn is not a solitary instance ; 

 in fact, the Bronze Age- will give a number of instances 

 in which the zigzag was used (see pottery of the Bronze 

 Age in the British Museum). Also, in the Iron Age we 

 find the zigzag on coats of mail, amulets, &c. These 

 zigzags are seldom seen without the sun-snake or svastika 

 or triskele — sacred symbols of the sun-god. The svastika 

 has been very generally allowed to be a symbol of the 

 god Thor, who, to the Scandinavians, was the god of 

 thunder and lightning, and of the domestic hearth, and 



^ Instantaneous photography has revealed the fact that the former method of 

 representing lightning as a fiery zigzag was entirely incorrect. 



- The Bronze Age, as regards Scandinavia, the late Dr Worsaee fixed at from 



B.C. 500 to A.D. 100. 



