134 IJ. KOTO 



such a crushing process is said to bring- nbont the formation of an 

 apparently bedded structure called l)y ]>onney pseudostromatism.^^ 



Of late, Frank Rutlev, 2) after studyino; carefully, under tlie 

 microscope, the rocks of the mur-h discussed region of the Malvern 

 Hills, classified them into a banded and an luibanded series, the 

 former including the ditferent varieties of gneiss, the latter gabliro, 

 syenite, and diorite, etc.; and he suggested i\\nt '^ the gneissic rocks of 



the Malvern Hills may he composed of the detritus of eruptive rocks 



he looked upon them as beds of volcanic ejectamentay At ])resent, some 

 gneiss and schists are considered in Europe as well as in America to 

 have resulted from tlie deformation (^f a complex mass of plutonic 

 igneous rocks, and there is an universal inclination to exaggerate 

 the etfect of what is called pressure-metamorphisiu. notably so since 

 the appearance of the work of Lehmann.^) Kutley's view may serve 

 as a check to this tendency. His observations accord well, on the 

 whole, with those which the writer has made in studvinsf the rocks 

 of the fSambao^awan series. 



Lastly, as to the age nothing positive can be said. The sericite- 

 gneiss near Döbeln, in Saxony, is said to be equivalent to the Cam- 

 brian.*) In the south-eastern flank of that Granulite-Mountain, the 

 epidote-am]ihibolite of Hainichen, very similar to that of 'Japan, is 

 developed as a geologic equivalent of the northern series, which is 

 chiefly made up of phyllite, spotted schist, sericite-gneiss and an 

 earthy graphite-schist ; that is. the scMithern series in part repre- 

 sents the Cambrian rocks. In many ])arts of the Alps, some of 

 the highly crystalline schists are referred to a special facies of the 

 Pala30zoic, or even said to be equivalent to the Triassic.-^) Our 



1) Anniversary Address of the President, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. yd. XLTI. p. 65. 



2) On the Kocks of the Malvern Hills. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. for August, 1887. p. 508. 

 .3) op. cit. p. 107. 4) Hermann Creclner : Das sfichi.sche Granulitgebirge. p. 58. 



5) V. Hauer: Geologie, p. 249. Stur: Fände von Uutercarbonischen Pflanzender Schatz- 

 larer S^hichtea der Oentralkette in den nordöstlichen Alpen. .Tahrb. Geol. Reichsanstalt, 

 XXXIII. p. 189. 



