THE GENESIS OF THE TERMINOLOGY 7 



Machaon. Then followed the more general work of Spuler ('92) entitled 

 "Zt:r Phylogenie und Ontogenie des Fltigelgeaders der Schmetterlinge." 

 And last of the three was the completed work of Haase ('93), his "Unter- 

 suchungcn iiber die Mimicry auf Grundlage eines naturlichen Systems der 

 Papilioniden." 



In this paper Haase gave excellent figures of the tracheation of the wings 

 of the pupa of Papilio Machaon and showed the relation of the trachea? to 

 the wing-veins of the adults; and he designated the wing- veins in his 

 figures, by abbreviations of the names that he adopted for them instead of 

 by numbers. 



Like Spuler and Bauer and Redtenbacher, he regarded costa as merely 

 the thickened margin of the wing and not a vein; and as the first anal 

 trachea coalesces with the cubital trachea at the base in this species, he 

 believed cubitus to be three-branched. The second and third anal veins 

 he designated as the first and second branches of the "dorsal vein." The 

 veins that he recognized are subcostalis, radialis wnth five branches, 

 mediana with three branches, cubitalis with three branches, and dorsalis 

 with two branches. 



Spuler, in his paper which followed the brief abstract published by 

 Haase but which appeared before the publication of the completed work by 

 Haase, recognized two areas in the wing: an expanded area, which he 

 termed the "Spreitentheil;" and a folded area, the "Faltentheil." The 

 veins in the former, he numbered with Roman numerals ; those in the latter, 

 with Greek letters. He began his numbering with the subcosta, which he 

 designated as vein I; for, as he failed to find a trachea in the costa, he did 

 not regard it as a vein. He also omitted from his series of veins, and very 

 correctly, the supposed concave veins IV and VI of the Redtenbacher 

 system. The result was that he recognized five veins in the expanded area 

 of the wing, which he designated as veins I, II, III, IV, and V respectively, 

 and two veins in the folded area, vein a and vein g.. The veins that he 

 recognized in the expanded area are those now known as the subcosta, 

 radius, media, cubitus, and ist anal; those of the folded area are the 2d 

 and 3d anal veins. 



Probably the most important result of Spuler' s investigations was the 

 determination of the type of the lepidopterous wings by a study of the 

 tracheation of the wings of many lepidopterous pupa? and of the venation 

 of the wings of a large series of adults. 



Packard ('95) published an extended review of Spuler's paper and 

 ftirnished some additional matter and figiires. He adopted the terminology 

 of Spuler except that he numbered the anal veins V, VI, and VII. He 

 followed Spuler in not regarding the costa as a vein and applied the name 

 costa and the number I to the subcosta and the name subcosta and the 



