270 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Sept. 



in several instances. I will here only state that " clausur " means 

 "clausu.!>," — quinqueya/('s " " quiuquei'alijis," — ''lissit" -'lis sit," 

 etc. 



With the highest respect for Dr. Lutken, I do not entirely agree 

 with him, I think that the rule on which he relies can only be 

 accepted as having the value of an ordinary generalization, to which 

 an exception n)ay any day start up. The mouth in all the hnovm 

 species of existing Echinoderms, and also in a vast number of the 

 extinct forms, does, unquestionably, lie in the very centre of the 

 anibulacral system. But it does not inevitably follow, from this 

 fact, that all Echinoderms, whether known, unknown, recent or 

 extinct, must have it in precisely the same relative position. In 

 proof of this we have only to refer to the instance of Hyponome 

 Sarsi. A few months ago we could, with equal confidence, have 

 declared it to be a general rule that " no existing species of the 

 Echinodermata has the mouth internal." If such a rule had 

 been laid down by any one there would have been no way of 

 disproving it by mere "inference" or "reasoning." Nothing 

 but the production of a specimen in which it could be actually 

 seen that the mouth was internal could be sufficient. Such a 

 specimen has now been produced by Prof. Loven. By his truly 

 wonderful discovery the non-universality of the rule has been 

 demonstrated by '' simple inspection," or more properly speaking, 

 "by actual observation." I believe that the function of the 

 so-called " pyramid," of the Cystidea, can be determined by this 

 latter method of proof. It is evident that the process of reason- 

 ing relied upon by Br. Lutken, and by several others, all of them 

 naturalists whose works I highly appreciate, is not perfectly 

 conclusive. 



E. Billings. 



ON SOME RESULTS OBTAINED BY DREDGING IN 

 GASPfi, AND OFF MURRAY BAY. 



By J. F. "Whiteaves. 



During the past summer dredging operations have been carried 

 on in Gaspe Bay and other localities in the Lower St Lawrence 

 by Principal Dawson and myself. 



My own investigations were confined to Gasp^ Bay, on both 



