and in other rituals. Some may chew a few leaves before 
eating the peyote buttons. 
Peyote and a cigarette may be called for at any time 
during the night unless some special rite, such as Mid- 
night Water is in progress. When the bag of mescal but- 
tons has made its first circuit, the leader begins to sing, 
shaking for accompaniment with his right hand a gourd 
rattle (Lagenaria spp.); a companion beats time on a 
small kettle-drum made from an iron pot covered with 
buckskin. The drumstick is usually made of maple (Acer 
spp.), but the finest ones are of true South American 
mahogany (Szwietenia Mahogani Jacq. ). 
Kach male worshipper sings four songs and passes the 
instruments on to his neighbor. Together with the musi- 
‘al instruments are used a staff made of bois d’are or 
Osage orange-wood (Maclura pomifera C.K. Schneider) 
and a fan of eagle or pheasant feathers. The staff is held 
upright in front of the singer with the feathers of the fan 
hiding his face; a sprig of sage that was started on its 
round from the leader’s place is usually held with the fan. 
The wood for the fire must be slow-burning; other 
than this,there are no rules governing its selection. Black- 
jack oak (tdok-a-di-awng) is most preferred, but other 
woods are used: Red oak (Quercus borealis Michx. var. 
maxima Sarg.), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis 1..), Red- 
bud (Cercis canadensis 1..), Box-elder (Acer Negundo 
L.), and Cottonwood make excellent substitutes for 
black-jack. Mulberry (Morus rubra L.), Elm (Udmus 
spp.), and Osage orange are never used, as they crackle 
and throw off sparks while burning. (The framework of 
ceremonial tepee is of Cottonwood. ) 
Some leaders of the ceremony wear, hanging across 
the chest from the left shoulder, a string of mescal beans 
(Sophora secundiflora (Orteg.) Lag. ex DC. (1, 3, 14, 15, 
17), anative of Mexico, Texas and New Mexico). These 
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