2) . A species of Paneolus is employed as a narcotic 
by the Otomi Indians of Puebla and adjacent regions. 
3) . The size, color, form, growth habits, uses, and 
narcotic effects of Paneolus campanulatus var. sphinctri- 
nus correspond so closely to the descriptions of the same 
aspects of the hitherto unknown teonanacatl of the early 
Mexican writers that there can be little doubt that this 
species represents the intoxicating mushroom which was 
in very wide use in daily life, in ceremonies, and in di¬ 
vination and witchcraft among the Aztecs and Chichi- 
mecas at the time of the Spanish Conquest. 
4.) The discovery of the use of Paneolus campanula - 
tus var. sphinctrinus as a narcotic and the identification 
of this fungus with teonanacatl should dispel the confu¬ 
sion which has resulted in literature from Safford’s mis- 
identification of teonanacatl with peyote. 
5) . References in the early literature indicate that the 
Aztecs possessed an extensive knowledge of the useful 
and harmful Basidiomycetes. 
6) . Although species of Paneolus are found all over 
the world and are known to possess intoxicating or slight¬ 
ly poisonous properties, no reference to their use as nar¬ 
cotics is known for primitive peoples outside of Mexico. 
[ 54 ] 
