then pulverized. An alkaline admixture of ashes of bark 
from a species of wild cacao-tree (Theobroma subinca- 
num) is added to the powder, and the resulting prepara- 
tion is sifted to form the final snuff. Unfortunately, this 
has been widely confused in anthropological literature 
with an intoxicating snuff made from the leguminous 
seeds of Piptadenia peregrina, a narcotic used in Colom- 
bia by non-Tukanoan tribes inhabiting principally certain 
western tributaries of the Orinoco River (48, 48a). 
Desano and Tariano: linguistic family Arawak, ac- 
cording to Rondon (89a), and Schultes (personal com- 
munication). Cf. the classification of Koch-Griinberg 
(22). 
These two Arawak tribes live along the lower part of 
the Colombian course of the Vaupés River and on afflu- 
ents of it, ina long and close geographic and cultural 
proximity to the Tukanoan groups of the region. 
Their use of coca, caapi and tobacco are similar in all 
respects to those of the Tukanos. They also know and 
employ parica or Virola-snuff as do their Tukanoan 
neighbors (43). 
Tikuna: linguistic family Arawak, according to Cas- 
tellvi (3). 
The Tikunas live in the Trapecio A mazo6nico of Colom- 
bia and adjacent parts of Brazil and Peru. They employ 
tobacco in the form of a cigar (9, 25a), and there are re- 
ports that they conserve the use of the pipe for smoking 
(51, 25a). They likewise use paricd or Virola-snuff. I 
once believed, on the basis of a reference by 'Tessmann 
and Nimuendajti (25a), that the Tikunas employed yopo, 
but since Piptadenia peregrina is not known in their area 
and bearing in mind Schultes’ notes on the distribution 
of Virola calophylla and V. calophylloidea, 1 now believe, 
[ 295 | 
