western part of the Comisaria de Arauca, still a very 
poorly known area, the Tunebos are best understood 
through the works, partly unpublished, of Padre Henri 
J. Rocheraux (39). The tribe, which to-day is very re- 
duced in size, preserves many primitive customs. They 
use coca as well as yopo. Fresh coca-leaves are toasted 
but not pulverized. Upon chewing, the leaves are mixed 
with lime. This is a purely Andean culture-trait. The 
custom of snuffing yopo was acquired probably from their 
Arawak neighbors in Venezuela and Colombia, for we 
have information about Tunebo movements to and from 
various points in southern Venezuela and northwestern 
Colombia. The Tunebos, according to Rocheraux (89), 
employ tobacco in the form of a masticatory, using air- 
dried leaves. A quid is made of these and is chewed. 
Formerly they did not smoke but recently they have 
learned this habit from contact with the white man. 
Various tribes. Finally, we must consider some 
tribes located between the Meta and Inirida Rivers, most 
of which belong to the Arawak and Guahibo linguistic 
families. The tribes in question are the Puinaves (24), 
Piapocos (24a), Guayaberos (according to Meden, per- 
sonal communication) and Guahibos, Kuivas, Amoruas, 
Sikuanis, Salivas (30) and Kuripakos, according to 
Schultes (personal communication). 
All of these use or were formerly acquainted with yopo, 
especially for purposes of magic. Yopo, prepared from 
the toasted and pulverized seeds of Piptadenia peregrina, 
is normally taken only by the men, for there exists a cer- 
tain taboo which, however, does not now seem to be so 
strict as it once was. In the most acculturated of these 
people, both sexes take it. Snuffing of this violent in- 
toxicant, which looks rather like ground coffee, is carried 
out with very different kinds of instruments, the most 
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