generally used of which is a double Y-shaped tube of bird 
bones (the arms of the Y being soldered into place with 
pitch) ending in two hollowed palm-nuts. These nuts 
are placed at the opening of the nostrils, and the powder 
is inhaled from the palm of the hand. Another kind is the 
long V-shaped snuffing tube, one leg of which is inserted 
into anostril, the other into the mouth, thus making self- 
administration possible. There are additional types of 
snuffing-tubes as well, both of bone and of small bamboo- 
like grasses. One other primitive type is made of a palm- 
leaf: the apex of the leaf is cut off truncated, and this 
funnel-shaped end is placed over the snuff, while the 
snuffer draws in strongly through the petiole which is 
bound into a tube (80, 55). 
Generally, some kind of wooden mortar and pestle is 
used to grind the Piptadenia-seeds which have previously 
been roasted in the fire. The powder is kept in a case 
made of the leg-bone of the Jaguar, partly closed with 
wax and adorned with feathers. The addition of an alka- 
line admixture may or may not be the practice. 
This narcotic is employed, especially by shamans, for 
the hallucinogenic effects produced by bufotenine, an 
active principle believed to be responsible for the start- 
ling activity of the intoxication (18). 
These tribes of the Ilanos areas of Colombia likewise 
take tobacco, usually in the form of large cigars wrapped 
in very fine maize husks (80). 
The Piapoko, Puinave and Guahibo Indians make use 
of yajé but not as a drink. The bark of the root of the 
vine is simply chewed, and narcotic effects are said thus 
to be induced. 
IV. 
In summary, I may say that all that has been at- 
tempted in this article is an overall picture of the very 
extensive use of narcotics and stimulants by the indige- 
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