a thick axis. Leaves arranged in four rows, two on the 
upper and two on the lower side of the axis. Leaves of 
the two rows on the upper side large, spread out in one 
plane and forming a rather open angle with the axis, 
those of the rows on the lower side smaller, directed for- 
ward at narrow angles or parallel to the axis. Leaves on 
the upper side varying from broadly obeuneate-obovate 
to oblong or linear, with entire lateral margins but more 
or less deeply lobed at the apex. Leaves of the lower side 
of more or less similar shape but often narrower or more 
deeply dissected. Several veins entering each leaf, dichot- 
omizing mostly in the lower part of the leaf, all branches 
continuing to the apex.’”’ 
Halle described 7vngia as bearing four rows of leaf- 
lets, two of which may be called normal. The additional 
rows are composed of smaller leaflets, which are partially 
hidden by the normal ones. The result is an apparently 
once-pinnatifid frond. In other words, this structure is an 
axis bearing true leaves, not a leaf-rhachis. Halle com- 
pared this condition to the plagiotropic shoots of Selag- 
inella and Lycopodium, but Nemeje’ noted that it is very 
probable that their growth was limited as for instance in 
the plagiotropic shoots of the 'Taxodiae (p.112). 
Halle refrained from referring 7?ngia to the cycads, 
although its closest relative, Plagiozamites, was long con- 
sidered to be the foliage of some cycadeoid. More recently 
Nemeje (loc. cit.) recognized the affinities between these 
two genera and Noeggerathia Stur. He proposed the 
name NOEGGERATHIALES to include all three. In his 
opinion, this ‘‘order’’ is codrdinate with Psilophytales, 
Psilotales, Lycopodiales, Cladoxylales, Articulatales 
[Equisetales and Sphenophyllales], and Filicales. The 
group is characterized as follows (loc. cit. p. 114): ‘‘Leaves 
simple (—at least never pinnate—) pseudomacrophyllous, 
with radiating and dichotomously dividing nervation. 
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