Valle maize 
The favored places for human habitation in Bolivia 
and Peru are the highland valleys and it is in these val- 
leys that agriculture is changing most rapidly. No longer 
are these valleys isolated centers where the people live 
shut off from their neighbors, and conserve their customs, 
habits and crop plants inviolate. No longer do feudal 
landowners and the state church, be they Incaic or mod- 
ern, hold the workers to the soil, toiling on designated 
crops and laboring in a limited area. Now restrictions 
are few, travel is easy and rapid, and an influx of foreign 
materials and methods has changed the passive Indian to 
a contused citizen. With the loss of native customs, there 
has been less rigidity in selection of seed for planting; 
with the introduction of foreign customs and methods, 
such as drinking beer instead of chicha, or using animals 
instead of human labor, new varieties of plants are re- 
quired. Maize in the valleys is in a volatile condition, 
with old types being lost and abandoned or modified to 
suit the newer concepts. An example of this has been 
given in the growing of two special types of Valle maize, 
sweet and Culli, or cherry pericarp, maize. 
The four divisions of Valle maize, hanka sara or the 
mixture for toasting, Cudli or the cherry pericarp chicha 
maize, morocho or the ordinary field and general use 
maize, and chuspillo, the sugar maize, differ greatly in 
length of growing season, size of plant and number of 
rows of grains. All, except chuspillo, have long grains 
which are widest slightly above their center, and usually 
dented and medium-sized strongly tapering or pyramidal 
ears with enlarged butts. As in all the races of maize 
discussed in this paper, with the exception of Guarani 
and Coastal Tropical Flint, the tip of the ear is rounded 
and covered with grains. 
Heterogeneity in Valle maize is increased by the plant- 
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