572 APPENDIX. 



Legs ( Colli iniwd). 



116. Toes (Digiri). The, usually four, sometimes three, very rarely two, articulated portions 



of tlie leg hinged on the lower extremity of the tarsus. "When all four are [iresent, one 

 is usually behind, sometimes two before, and two behind. 



117. Top of toes {Acroilacii/liiiii). The upper surfiice of the toes individually. 



118. Soles of toes {Ili/podaclijtuin). The lower or plantar surfaee of the toes indi- 



vidually. 



119. Side of toes {Parmhnli/lum). The sides, in any w.iy distinguished from the 



soles. 



120. Phalanges. The several bones composing a toe. 



121. Claw {Uiiijiies). The horny tips sheathing the last joint of the toes. 



122. ClaTW joint (Rhizonijduum). The terminal bone of the toe, carrying or armed 



with the claws. 



123. Pads ( Ti/lari). The swellings or bulbs on the under side of the phalanges. 

 Those Toes arc 



124. Anterior which are directed forwards ; 



125. Posterior, directed backwards ; 



126. Exterior, on the outer side of the foot ; 



127. Interior, on the inner side of the foot ; the 



128. Middle toe is the central of three toes directed forwards. 



123. Hind toe (Hallux). The single toe directed backwards. This is homologically 



the first or great toe directed backward. It is 



130. Insistent {insistms). when the tip at least touches the ground, but the base raised 



above the level of the rest ; 



131. Incumbent (incumbms), when its whole under surface touches the ground ; and 



132. Elevated (clevatiis ; amoliis), when raised so high that the tip does not touch the 



ground at .all. 



133. Unarmed toe (Diijitus unitkus). Toe without a claw. Tlic tarsus is unarmed 



when without a spur. 



134. Fringed toe (Digilns lomaihais). A lateral membranous margin to the toes. This 



135. Fringe (Loma) may be 



136. Continuous (anitiuuiini), or 



137. Lobed or Scolloped (Inbatum). 



138. Membrane (Palama). A skin cither soft or covered with scales or fcithers con- 



necting two adjacent toes together at the base, and sometimes extending to or 

 beyond their tips. The foot so constructed is called 



139. Palmate {/lalniatiis) when the anterior toes only are so connected and 



141. Oaied {ater/aiiopiis], where all the toes, including the hinder, are so connected in 



the cormorants, etc. The feet may be half, or semipaUnate ; entirely or toti- 

 palmate. 



KoTE. In the u>ual aiTaugement of the toes, of three before and one behind, the hinder corre=pond.s 

 to the great toe of man, or the first; the inner anterior is the second; the middle is the third; and the 

 outer is the fourth. When the toes are in pairs or two before and two behind, it is the outer or fourth 

 toe that is turned backwards, as is the woodpeckers. In the Trogons, however, the inner toe is revered. 

 With scarcely an exception in birds, the hinder or first toe h.as two joints; the inner (2d) has three; the 

 middle (3d) has four; and the outer (4th) has five, or a formula of 2.3.4.5. In the typical Cnpri- 

 mulfjUlcE the outer toe has only four phalanges the formula being 2.3.4.4. Finally, in some Ciip^itVnhe 

 {Cypselus and PaiiytUa), we have the middle and outer toes with three joints only each, the formula be- 

 ing 2.3.3.3. When there are but three toes, the hinder or first is wanting; the ostrich ( Sli'uthio) has but 

 two tries, hacking the first and second. 



