204 U. S. p. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT. 



In preparing the following diagnoses and descriptions of the families, snb-families, and genera 

 of American Oscines, I have, as already stated, been mainly obliged to make up the characters 

 for myself by personal examination of the species. Without the time or the immediate oppor- 

 tunity to extend this criticism to the exotic forms, I have not succeeded as well as I could have 

 ■wished, but it cannot be long before some one will take up the subject on the new basis, and 

 work out the details into an acceptable system. The work of Burmeister on the birds of Brazil, 

 containing many original and important remarks on the subject, did not reach me until too late 

 a period to make the use of it I could have wished, although I have derived many valuable hints 

 from it. 



The following synopsis may serve to facilitate the determination of the families, and a conse- 

 quent reference to the Jjage where they are described in rather more detail. 



A. Primaries, nine. Outer primary nearly as long as, or more than half, the next. Legs 

 scutellate anteriorly. 



a. Commissure straight. 



HiRUNDiNiDAE. — Bill Very broad, short, and much depressed ; the culmen less than 

 half the commissure, which opens to beneath the eye. Rictus smooth. Wings 

 very long, greatly exceeding the tail ; the first primary longest. Tarsi shorter 

 than the lateral toes. 



Sylvicolidae. — Bill usually slender, conical, elongated, and acute ; or, if broad 

 and depressed, the culmen more than half the gape or commissure, and the rictus 

 with bristles. Tarsus always longer than the lateral toes. Wings rather short, 

 never much longer than the tail. First primary generally shorter than second. 



h. Commissure angulated at base. 



Fringillidae. — Bill much shorter than the head ; thick, conical, the tip usually 



notched, and the rictus with bristles. 

 IcTERiDAE. — Bill nearly as long as, or longer than, the head, without notch or 

 bristles. 



B. Primaries, ten. First primary very short, (spurious,) the second nearly as long as the 

 third. Bill, with the culmen gently curved, and the upper mandible notched at tip. 



a. Lateral toes about equal. Basal joint of middle toe mostly free internally. 



TuRDiDAE. — Tarsi encased in one heavy "boot," without scutellae ; posterior 



edge acute ; hind claw curved. 

 Alaudidae. — Tarsi blunt behind ; scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly, but not 

 laterally. Spurious primary sometimes wanting. Hind claw long, nearly 

 straight. 

 h. Outer lateral toe much longest. Basal joint of middle united throughout. 



Certhiadae. — Legs scutellate anteriorly. Hind toe very long. Claw curved. 



C. Primaries, ten. The first spurious, sometimes wanting, or less than half the second. Bill, 

 with both mandibles, abruptly hooked, and conspicuously notched at the tip, with a tooth behind 

 the notch above. 



BoMBYCiLLiDAE. — Bill broad, depressed, weak, moderately hooked. Tarsi shorter 



than middle toe. 

 Laniidae. — Bill narrow, much compressed, and very powerful, strongly hooked. 



Tarsus longer than middle toe. 



