niRDR — FRINGILUDAK — CYANOSPIZA. 501 



the njipor. The three tirst (luills are coiisideralily graduated, the necond u little longer than 

 the sixtli, the first about equal to tlie secondaries. The wing is but little longL-r than the tail. 

 The hind claw is not longer than the middle anterior, but a little stouter. Tiie tail feathers are 

 as in (itiiraca. Bonaparte places this species under Cyanoloxia or Guiraca, and it may be 

 entitled to generic separation both from this and Ci/anospiza, but 1 i)ief'er retaining it with 

 the latter, which it connects with (hdraca. 



Tiie following sketch may serve to distinguish the species of Cyanospiza, as far as color is 

 concerned : 



Dark dull indigo blue ; brightest on the forehead, luuip, and elbow C. parellina. 



Eump, forehead, and beneath towards the tail, blue. Back part ol crown, back, tliroat, 

 and breast, reddish . Forehead and lores, black C. versicolor. 



Head and neck (except below) blue; back green; rump atul beneatli, red C. ciris. 



Bright ultramarine blue, darkest on head and belly C. cyanea. 



Head and neck all round, and back blue ; breast rusty ; belly white ; a white band on 



the wing C. amoena. 



It is with much reluctance that 1 tind it necessary to abandon tlie name of Spi:'.a for this 

 group, after it had been so well established by general consent, but a strict adherence to the 

 rules of ornithological systematists renders this necessary. The usual date given for Spixa, 

 Bonaparte, is 182.S, as published in the Annals of the New York Lyceum, with the Eraheriza 

 amoena of Say as type. His first mention of it, however, is in his observations on the nomen- 

 clature of Wilson's ornithology, published in Vol. IV, i, August, 1824, Journal Philadelphia 

 Academy of Natural (Sciences, under the head of Eraheriza americana, Gmelin, No. 85. Here he 

 states that "the americana {Euspiza americana of 1838) is certainly not an Emberiza, and is 

 evidently congeneric with some of Wilson's Frixgillae ; such as F. melodia, savanna, socialis, 

 jaasserina, &c. For these birds I was about to propose the adoption of a new genus under the 

 name of Spiza, (Greek appellation of the Frixuilla coelehs,) intermediate between Frinqilla 

 and Emberiza, but much more closely allied to the former. After an attentive examination of 

 the intermediate species, I shall, however, consider it a sub-genus under Fringilla." * * * 

 "The bird under consideration must, according to this innovation, be ranged under the sub- 

 genus Spiza, and be called Fkinculla americana." 



None of the species of modern Sjnza are mentioned on this page. On a subse(|uent one, No. 

 90, speaking of ^mtema ci'm, he says: " Tliis bird and the one that Wilson so accurately 

 called Fringilla cyanea belong not only to the same genus, but are very closely allied, and may 

 be placed under the sub-genus Spiza, if they will not constitute a small one of themselves." 



In the American Ornithology, vol. I, 1825, 01, in the article on Fringilla amoena, after 

 referring to his remarks on the nomenclature of Wilson's Ornithology, published the previous 

 year, Bonaparte says: "As a species it {Fringilla amoena) is more intimately allied to Fringilla 

 ciris and F. cyanea, which I stated in that paper (observations on Wilson) to differ so much 

 from their congeners, (i. e., the sub-genus Spiza,) particularly in tlie greater curvature of the 

 upper mandible, as to deserve perhaps a separation into a small sub-genus by themselves, (i. e., 

 distinct from Spiza); this would unite Fringilla to Tanagra, as Spiza, on the other hand, shows 

 its transition to Emberiza." 



I do not know what species Vieillot gives as type for his Passerina in "Analyse," but in the 

 Nouv. Diet. XXV, 1817, 3, the first species mentioned is P. oryzivora (Dolichonyx). 



For these reasons, whatever may be the propriety of restoring the name of Spiza to Euspiza, 



