WARBLERS 



121 



light grayi^ll olive-green, the chest (sometimes throat 

 also) indistinctly streaked with the same; an indis- 

 tinct triangular spot or streak of dusky in front of eye 

 and a still less distinct short streak back of eye; under 

 tail-coverts and under wing-coverts, pale yellow ; bill, 

 dusky horn color ; iris, brown ; legs and feet, brownish 

 horn color. Adult Female: Similar to the adult male 

 in coloration, and not always distinguishable (?'), but 

 usually the ci)lors are slightly duller, with the tawny- 

 ochraceous crown-patch more restricted, sometimes 

 obsolete. 



Nest and Eggs. — Nest: On the ground, among 

 clumps of bushes, in tlie side of a bank and usually 

 hidden by leaves; large for size of bird and constructed 



of long, coarse strips of bark loosely interwoven with 

 a few spears of dried grass or plant stems and warmly 

 lined with hair and fur of small animals. Eggs; 4 to 

 6, white or creamy, finely speckled with chestnut. 



Distribution. — Alaska (except coast district from 

 Kodiak eastward and southward) and througliout 

 Rocky Mountain district of British .'America and United 

 States, breeding southward to Manitoba and high 

 mountains of New Mexico; during migration south- 

 ward to eastern and central Mexico and eastward over 

 Mississippi valley and Gulf States to South Carolina, 

 Georgia, and Florida ; occasionally during migration in 

 Kew England and Middle Atlantic States (numerous 

 records), and in southern California. 



The Orange-crowned Warbler is a bird of the 

 far Northwest. While one plain oHve and yellow 

 bird, the Nashville Warbler, is migrating in the 

 spring from southwest to northeast, one of his 

 nearest relatives, another plain olive and yellow 

 bird, this Orange-crowned Warbler, is migrat- 

 ing across the continent in a way to mark a cross 

 ( X ) on the ina[i of North America. The 

 Orange-crown's route is from the South Atlantic 

 States northwest to Manitoba, the Great Slave 

 Lake, the fur country, and on into Alaska. It is 

 a bird of the upper tree-tops, continuallv flitting 

 about and uttering a simple song of a few sweet 

 trills of the Chipping Sparrow nature. It seems 

 to be a great wanderer in the fall. It has been 

 seen in many places far from the regular migra- 



tion route. In January, 1917, an Orange-crowned 

 Warbler was seen on Staten Island, N. Y. Its 

 presence in the central and northeastern States 

 may. therefore, be more common than is sup- 

 posed. Bird students liave found the bird all 

 over the United States. 



To this species must of course be added its 

 varieties of the West. The Lutescent \\'arbler 

 (Vcnnivora cclatu liitcsccns) is not a very rare 

 bird in Califijrnia and is noticeably a nuich \-el- 

 lower bird than the Orange-crown. It is, 

 therefore, more easily recognized than the 

 Orange-crown. The Dusky Warbler ( Vcnnivora 

 cclata sordida) of the Santa Barbara Islands is 

 but a dusky variety of the Lutescent. 



L. Nelsox Nichols. 



TENNESSEE WARBLER 



Vermivora pereg 



A. O. U. Number 647 



Other Names. — Swamp Warbler ; Tennessee Swamp 

 Warbler. 



General Description.— Length. 4':} inches. Upper 

 parts, olive-green ; under parts, white. Bill, shorter 

 than head, narrowly wedge-shaped, the tip verv acute ; 

 wings, moderately long; tail, less than '4 length of 

 wing, decidedly forked, the feathers narrow. 



Color. — Adult M.\le; Cro-wn and hindncck, f>lain 

 gray: rest of upper parts, plain olive-green, brightest 

 on rump ; wings, dusky, the secondaries edged with 

 olive-green, the primaries with pale gray (edge of outer- 

 most primary, white) ; tail, dull gray, the outer webs 

 of feathers, edged with olive-green, the inner webs, 

 edged with white, that of outermost feather usually 

 with a white terminal spot ; lores and short streak over 

 eye, v/hite. the former with a dusky wedge-shaped 

 streak in front of eye; a small streak back of eye. 

 dusky; sides of head, grayish; below eye, cheeks, and 

 under parts, white, the sides and flanks shaded with 

 gray; under wing-coverts, white; bill, brownish black; 



rina ( JJ'ilsou) 



See Color Plate 93 



iris, brown ; legs and feet, horn color. Adult Fem.xle: 

 Similar to the adult male in coloration, but with gray 

 of crown and hindneck never so pure, being usually 

 tinged with olive-green, and with streak above eye and 

 under parts tinged with yellow. 



Nest and Eggs.— Nest ; Placed on or close to the 

 ground in heavy growths of spruce, balsam, or kindred 

 trees; constructed of fine vegetable fiber, grass, leaves, 

 and moss, lined with hair. Eggs ; 4 or 5, white, spotted 

 with reddish-brown and purplish markings. 



Distribution. — Eastern North America ; breeds from 

 upper Yukon valley, southern Mackenzie, central 

 Keewatin. southern Ungava. and Anticosti Island south 

 to southern British Columbia, southern Alberta. Mani- 

 toba, northern Minnesota. Ontario. New York (Adiron- 

 dacks), northern Maine, and New Hampshire; winters 

 from Oaxaca to Colombia and Venezuela ; in migration 

 occurs mainly in the Mississippi valley ; rare on the 

 .■\tlantic slope ; occasional in Florida and Cuba ; acci- 

 dental in California. 



