352 W. D. FUNKHOUSER 



snugly into these. The base of the middle pair is flattened and expanded 

 to form an articulatory joint (Plate xxxviii, 16) resembling the lower 

 maxillary joint of mammals. The shafts of the styles are doubly curved, 

 the edges are smooth, and the extremities are very sharp. Like the outer 

 styles, the middle pair are close together when not in use. The inner 

 styles (Plate xxxviii, 18, 19) are again forceps-shaped, the shafts being 

 narrow and about equal in width thruout their length. The lateral and 

 ventral margins of these styles are smooth, but the dorsal edge is thrown 

 up into teeth, or nodules, of which there are from two to five on each 

 style. Since the inner styles are located deeply within the other two 

 pahs, they are not visible except on dissection. 



The abdominal structures of the female show few characters suitable 

 for taxonomic work. Aside from the shape of the last sternum, which has 

 already been discussed, no parts of the abdomen of this sex have been 

 used by systematic workers in the family for purposes of classification. 



The male 



The abdomen of the male differs from that of the female chiefly in the 

 structure of the apical areas. As a whole the abdomen of the male is 

 flatter, shorter, less robust, generally darker in color, and more inclined 

 to pubescence, and the segments are more closely telescoped (Plate xxxviii, 

 20-22). The extremity is more regularly and narrowly pointed. The 

 tenth and eleventh terga are usually quite distinct and often project some 

 distance beyond the ninth (Plate xxxviii, 22). The ninth segment is 

 modified, but in a different way from that seen in the female. In the 

 female this segment shows no pleuron nor sternum, but the greatly enlarged 

 tergum folds around the entire abdomen; in the male all the parts of the 

 segment are apparently present, the pleura projecting as separate sclerites 

 on each side or joined below, and the sternum produced and curved 

 upward at the extremity. The first segment is modified as in the female, 

 but the median segments are normal. 



No modifications of the abdomen for the production of sound, such as 

 the timbal and mirror of the cicada, are present. So far as is known, 

 no species of membracid has any sort of sound-producing apparatus and 

 the only noise made in the field is the sharp whir of the wings in flight. 



The Membracidae are not characterized by the noxious odors common 

 to many forms of the Hemiptera. The spiracles have be(m confuscnl with 



