Biology of the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake Basin 381 



The time required for the process is not siil^ject to great variation 

 within a species, but is rather different in various genera and usually 

 ranges from five to forty-five minutes. The least time noted in field 

 records for the process is three minutes, for Enchenopa hinotata, and 

 the greatest is seventy-five minutes, for Telamona ampelopsidis. The 

 average for several common species, as worked out from one or more 

 timed in each case, is as follows: 



Enchenopa hinotata fi minutes 



Ceresa diccros 10 



Ceresa bubalus 11 



Ceresa taurina 9 



Ceresa borealis 8 



Siictocephala inermis . . 25 



Carynota mera 80 



Thelia bimaculata 12 



Telamona declivata 40 



Telamona unicolor .33 



Telamona ampelopsidis . 2<S 



Smilia camehis 17 



Cyrtolobtis vau 50 



Ophiderma pubescens 8 



Vanduzea arquata 10 



Entylia bactriana 5 



The exuviae, if perfect, may be used for diagnosis and correctly represent 

 the last nymphal stage. Altho the splitting of the integument occurs 

 along the median dorsal line, the spines in this region are seldom injured 

 as the break appears on one side or the other at their bases. Even in 

 broken specimens the m juries are usually around the bases of the legs 

 or on the abdomen, and do not interfere with the characters necessary 

 for recognition purposes. 



The nymphs are active but they do not jump as do the adults. They 

 are prone to hide themselves in crevices in the bark and in the axils of 

 leaves, where their coloration renders them very inconspicuous. If 

 disturbed they often creep around to the opposite side of the twig and 

 are able to inm fairly rapidly when in the later instars. They often have 

 the habit of flattening themselves close to the twig if molested and remain 

 without movement even when touched. During ecclysis they are of course 

 comparatively helpless and may be studied with great ease. 



The newly emerged adults are lighter in color than the normal hue 

 of the species, and very soft-bodied. The exoskeleton becomes hardened, 

 however, witliin a couple of hours and the normal colors appear in twenty- 



