Part II. 



GENEKAL OENITHOLOGY: 



AN OUTLINE OF THE 



STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS. 



§ 1. — DEFINITION OF BIRDS. 



GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY, like Field Oruithology, is a subject with ^vhich the 

 student must have some acquaintauce, if he would hope to derive either pleasure or 

 profit from the Birds of North America. For any intelligent understanding of this subject, he 

 must become reasonably familiar with the technical terms used in describing and classifying 

 birds, and learn at least enough of the structure of these creatures to appreciate the characters 

 upon which all description and classification is based. Extensive and varied and accurate as 

 may be his random perception of objects of natural history, his knowledge is not scientific, but 

 only empirical, until reflection comes to aid observation, and conceptions of the significance of 

 what he knows are formed by logical processes in the mind. For 



Science (Lat. scire, to know) is knowledge set in order — knowledge disposed after the 

 rational method that best shows, or tends to show best, the true relations of observed facts. 

 Sound scientific facts are the natural basis of all philosophic truth, and the safest stepping- 

 stones to religious faith — to that wisdom whicli comes only of knowing the relation which 

 material entities bear to spiritual realities. The orderly knowledge of any particular class of 

 facts — the methodical disposition of observations upon any particular set of objects — consti- 

 tutes a Special Science. Thus 



Ornithology (Gr. opvi6os, omithos, of a bird ; \6yos, logos, a discourse) is the Science of 

 Birds. Ornithology consists in the rational arrangement and exposition of all that is known of 

 birds, and the logical inference of much that is not known. Ornithology treats of the physical 

 structure, physiological functions, and mental attributes of birds; of their habits and manners; 

 of their geographical distribution and geological succession; of their probable ancestry; of 

 their every rehition to one another and to all other animals, including man. The first business 

 •of Ornithology is to define its ground — to answer the question, 



