THE ANATOMY OF BIRDS. — OSTEOLOGY. 



159 



itself. The rest of the pieces belong to the second aud third post-oral arches, and all 

 together make up the very composite hi/oid bone, or bone of the tongue (figs. 72, 73, 7i)- The 

 pieces ch and bh are in the second arch, and form respectively the ceratohyal and basihyal 

 bones ; the pieces cbr, ebr, and bhr are in the third arch, and form respectively the cerato- 

 branchial, epibranchial and basibranchial bones. These ^jieces of the third arch have already 

 outgrown those of the second arch, and they will form the greatest part of the hyoid bone. 



In the second stage, after the fifth day of incubation, but before any ossification has 

 begun, a vertical section shows the appearances represented in fig. 66. The parachordal and 

 trabecular cartilages are applied to each other unconformably, the latter rising high between 

 second and third cerebral vesicles to form the posterior pituitary wall, pel, in which the axial 

 skeleton properly ends. There are other changes in the parachordal cartilages. The inter- 

 nasal plate, formed by the union of the trabecule in front of the pituitary space, has become a 

 vertical median wall between the olfactory and optic chambers of the right and left sides (^pn 

 and eth, tops and ale). This partition, besides forming finally the interorbital septum which 

 divides the right and left orbits, will undergo further notable changes in direction, and will 

 develop lateral plates and processes, which 

 will make up the nasal labyrinth and the 

 partition between the cavity of the nose 

 and that of the eye, when any exists. Such 

 lateral developments of the ethmoid plate 

 are the aliethmoid, aliseptal, and aUnasal. 

 This plate extends backward in mid-line 

 to the optic foramen, 2, ending in the ante- 

 rior elinoid wall, asc, separated from the 

 (parachordal) piosterior elinoid wall by the 

 original pituitary space, now the opening 

 tlirough which the carotid arteries, ic, enter 

 the brain cavity. Besides ethmoidal parts 

 proper, the plate develops at what will be 

 the end of the upper beak a prenasal carti- 

 lage, pn, to become the axis of the beak, 

 rill 4.U • 1, 1 J V. ^4. c 1 Fig. 66. — Head of a chick, second stage, after five days 



1 he mouth IS become already better formed, ^f incubation, section in profile ; x 6 diameters, cri, cv2, cr3, 

 the axis of its cavity pointing more forward first, second, and third cerebral vesicles; 1, place of the 

 ♦1...., A „..,.., ,„i. ,1 J. 1 first nerve, the olfactory; 2, place of second nerve, the 



than downward; and great changes are optic ;/., internal carotid artery, running into skull at what 

 undergoing in parts of the ear at the back was originally the pituitary space, now an opening bounded 



corner of the mouth. The quadrate and '" f""""* ^l "'"^ ^"'f"'' ''V' ^ehin.l by the ..osterior, pel, 

 1 I i.«^ c I clinoid walls; nc. notochord; oc, occipital condyle, thence 



meckelian cartilages are assuming much of to pc! being the original parachordal cartilage, here seen in 



profile; co, exoccipital; e//i, ethmoid, with ps, its presphe- 

 noid region posteriorly, and pn, pre-nasal part ; this whole 



rtcl 



their true form. Tlie quadrate develops 



an orbital process, which extends free into plate afterward developing into parts of the nose and the 



tlie orbit, aud an otic process which articu- 



partition between the eyes; jhi, palatine; pf/, pterygoid 

 region; pa umlp;/ reference lines are in the chick's mouth; mk 



lates with the auditory sac aud parts of meckelian cartilage (lower jaw); rA and W(, ceratohyal and 

 the exoccipital cartilage. The relations at ^"^^'^'''^ i'*""'" "*" ""^ ''^"''^ ""■ *""»"" ^°"^- <^"'''" ^^^^"^-^ 

 this stage have not been made out in the fowl, but are figured and described from the corre- 

 sponding stage of the European house martin (Chelidon urbica). In fig. 67, mk is the cut 

 stump of the meckelian cartilage, of which ar is the articular part ; q is the quadrate, of which 

 a backward process is seen articulating with teo, the tympanic wing of the exoccipital. Just 

 below and behind this otic process of the quadrate, exactly where in riper embryos is the 

 fenestra ovalis in which is fitted the foot of the stapes or stirrup-boue of the middle ear, there 

 appears a trowel-shaped projection of cartilage, the handle of wliich is continuous with the 

 substance of the ear-capsule ; the sickle-shaped piece behind which is tlie tympanic wing of 



