236 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. 



ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND SUBORDERS. 



Page 



I. Toes 3 ; 2 in front, 1 behind Pici of Picari^ 537 



II. Toes 3 ; 3 in front. Toes — cleft or semipalmate Limicol* 702 



— palmate. Nostrils — tubular Tubinares 1021 



— not tubular Pyoopodes 104G 



III. Toes 4 ; 2 in front, 2 behind. Bill — cered and hooked Psittaci Gil 



— neither cered nor hooked. Tail feathers — 8 or 10 



Coccyges of Picari^ 537 

 — 12. Bill — chisel-like 



Pict 0/ PicARi^ 537 

 — dentate 



Trogones of Picari.e 537 

 IV. Toes 4 ; 3 in front, 1 behind. 



Toes — syndactyle Halcyones of Picari^ 537 



— totipalmate (all four full-webbed) Steganopodes 951 



— palmate. Bill — curved up Limicol^ 762 



— not curved up — lamellate Lamellirostres 887 



— not lamellate. Hallux — lobate Pygopodes 1046 



— not lobate .... Longipennes 973 



— lobate. Tail — rudimentary Pygopodes 1046 



— perfect. — A horny frontal shield Paludicol* 844 



— No frontal shield Limicol« 762 



— semipalmate ; joined by evident movable basal web (go to A). 



— cleft to the base or there immovably coherent (go to B). 



A. Hind toe — elevated. Tibiee — feathered below. Nostrils — perforate .... CatharUdes of Raptores 617 



— imperforate. Gape — reaching below eye 



Corackc of Picari« 537 



— not reaching below eye 



Gallinje 719 



— naked below. Nostrils — perforate Paludicol^ 844 



— imperforate. Tarsi — scutellate in front 



L1MICOL.E 762 

 — reticulate. Head — bald 



Herodiones 863 

 — feathered 



LiMicoL*: 762 



— not elevated. Tibiae — naked below Herodiones 803 



— feathered below. Bill — cered and hooked Raptores 617 



— not cered. Nasal — membrane soft Columb« 705 



— scale hard . Gallin.e 719 



B. Hind toe — elevated. Gape — reaching below eye Cypseli of Picarls: 537 



— not below eye. 1st primary — emarginate or about = 2d ... LimicoLjE 702 



— not emarginate and shorter than 2d 



Paludicol« 844 



— not elevated. Nostrils — opening beneath soft swollen membrane Columb*; 705 



— otherwise. Bill — cered and hooked Raptores 017 



— otherwise. Secondaries — only six 



rroc/nVi' 0/ PicARi.B 537 



— more than six (go to a). 

 a. Primaries — 10; 1 st more than § as long as the longest Chrmatoresof) 



— 10 ; 1st not § as long as the longest 1 , , „/•( ^^^^'^''''^ "'** 



— 9 only ( 



