rURDID.E— TURBINE: THRUSHES. 256 



ceous of upper parts assumes a more rufous cast, much like that of ustulata, and tlie yellowish 

 wash of under parts and sides of head and neck is more strongly ]>ronounced. But the most 

 rufous specimens are readily distinguished from fuscescens by the strong contrast between the 

 color of the tail and other upper parts. Very young: Most of the upper parts marked with 

 pale yellowish longitudinal streaks, with clubbed extremities, and dusky specks at the end ; 

 feathers of belly and flanks oftea skirted with dusky in addition to the numerous blackish spots 

 of other under parts. Chiefly the Eastern Province of North America ; abundant ; migratory, 

 and found in all woodland, but breeds only nortlierly, from Massachusetts and corresponding 

 latitudes and northern Alleghanies ; winters in the Southern States. Nest and eggs not distin- 

 guishable from those of the Veery. 



H. ustula'ta. (Lat. ustulata, scorched, singed; referring to the warm russet coloration.) 

 Oregon Olive-backed Thrush. Eusset- backed Thrush. Quite like the Eastern Olive- 

 back (swainsoni) in uniformity of color of whole upper parts, presence of buff orbital ring, and 

 general character of the shading and spotting of under parts ; but olive of upper parts not pure, 

 liaviug a decided rufous tinge, resulting in a russet-olive of exactly the shade of that of the 

 upper parts of the Western subspecies of fuscescens {salidcola) ; from which distinguished by 

 the buff orbital ring, and very different shading and marking of under parts (compare salicicola.) ; 

 there being, as in sivainsoni proper, much olive-gray spotting of the white breast back of the 

 buff area, and much shading of the same olive-gray on the sides. Size of swainsoni. Nest in 

 bushes, and eggs spotted, as in the latter. Pacific coast region of the U. S. and British Colum- 

 bia, from Alaska S. in winter to Guatemala; abundant. 



H. u. oedica. (Gr. wBikos, oidikos, fond of singing, musical, vocal.) Tuneful, Olive-back. 

 Described as like ustulata, with upper parts and flanks paler. Ascribed to California and 

 S. Oregon. A very slight local race, included under ustulata in former eds. of Key. Ober- 

 holser. Auk, Jan. 1899, p. 23; A. 0. U. Suppl. List, ibid., p. 127. 



H. u. swaiii'soni. (To Wm. Swainson, an English naturalist.) Swainson's Thrush. 

 Olive-backed Thrush. Eastern Olive-back. Adult J ?: Above, clear olivaceous, of 

 exactly the same shade over all upper parts ; below, white, strongly shaded with olive-gray on 

 sides and flanks; throat, breast, and sides of neck and head strongly tinged with yellowish, 

 the fore parts, excepting throat, marked with numerous large dusky spots, which extend back- 

 ward on breast and belly, there rather paler, and more like the olivaceous of upper parts. 

 Edges of eyelids yellowish, forming a strong buff orbital ring ; lores the same. Mouth yellow ; 

 bill blackish ; basal half of lower mandible pale ; iris dark brown ; feet pale ashy-brown. 

 Length of ^ 7.00-7.50; extent 12.00-12.50; wing 3.75-4.00; tail 2.75-3.00 ; bill 0.50; tar- 

 sus 1.10. 9 '1^'ei'agiug smaller : Length 6.75; extent 11.50-12.00, etc. Eastern N. Am., W. 

 to Colorado in migrations; winters in Cuba, C. and S. Am. ; breeds in Canadian fauna, S. in 

 tlie Alleghanies to West Virginia. Nest in bushes and low trees, thus in situation like that of 

 tlie Wood Tlu-ush, but no mud in its composition; eggs unlike those oi inustelinus, fuscescens, 

 and aonalascliTcce, in being freely speckled with different shades of brown on a greenish-blue 

 ground; size 0.90 X 0.(j<>; number .'J-4. 



Note. — //. u. alnur Oberh., Auk, Oct. 1898, p. 304, from the R. Mts., Utah, and E. Nevada, is recognizably differ- 

 ent from siraiiisoni. North to Yukon Basin, south in winter to Mexico. 



H. ali'eiae. (To Miss Alice Kennicott, sister of Robert Kennicott.) Grav-Cheeked 

 Thrush. Alice's Thrush. Similar to swainsoni in uniformity and purity of the olive of 

 upper parts, which is as dark and pure (no tendency to the rufous of ustulata) ; but sides of 

 head lacking the yellowish or buffy suffusion seen in sivainsoni, being thus like the back, 

 or merely grayer; no buff ring around eye; breast slightly if at all tinged with yellowish. 

 Rather larger tlian swainsoni, iihont efjuaHiuir mustelina: Length 7.50-8.00; extent 12.50- 

 13.50; wing 4.00-4.25; tail 3.00-3.25 ; liill over 0.50 ; average dimensions about tlie maxima 



