MOTACILLID.E: WAGTAILS AND PIPITS. 303 



A. cervi'nus. (Lat. cervinus, fawn-colored.) Red-throated Pipit. Adult : Above, light 

 grayish-brown, fully streaked with dusky, the streaks broadest and darkest on the back. 

 Wings and tail dusky, the feathers edged with pale brown, the long inner secondaries with 

 buff; ends of middle and greater wing-coverts wliitish ; outer tail-feathers with much white on 

 both webs, and next feather with a white spot at end of inner web. A pale and more or less 

 huffy superciliary and malar stripe. Below, whitish, more or less suffused with fawn-color on 

 chin and throat, the throat, breast, and sides broadly streaked or longitudinally spotted with 

 brownish -black, aggregated into a stripe on each side of throat; chin, belly, and vent immacu- 

 late. Bill black, with yellowish base of lower mandible ; feet dark brown. Wing 3.36; tail 

 2.50 ; bill 0.45 ; tarsus 0.85. A species of extensive distribution in northerly parts of the Old 

 World, probably occurring in Alaska, and accidental in Lower California : see Pr. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., vi, Oct. 1883, p. 156. CouES, Key, 3d and 4th eds., 1887-90, p. S68; Ridgw., Man., 

 1887, p. 537 ; A. 0. U. Lists, 1st and 2d eds., 1886-95, No. [699]. 



A. pensilva'nicus. (Properly spelled pennsylv aniens, conformably with the name of the State ; 

 originally called " Penn's Wood " after Wm. Penn, its founder; Lat. silvanus or sylvanus, 

 pertaining to silra or sylca, a forest, woods. Fig. 162.) Pennsylvanian Pipit. American 

 I'lTLARK. Brown Lark. Adult ^ 9 : Upper parts dark brown with 

 an olive shade, most of the feathers with dusky centres, giving an ob- 

 scure streaky or nebulous appearance ; eyelids, superciliary line, and all 

 under parts brownish-white, or pale buffy or ochrey brown, very vari- 

 able in shade from muddy white to rich buff, the breast and sides of 

 the body and neck thickly streaked with dusky ; wings and tail black- 

 ish, the inner secondaries pale-edged, and 1-3 outer tail-feathers white 

 wliolly or in part. Bill blackish, pale at base below; feet brown. 

 Length 6.25-6.75, somethnes 7.00; extent 10.25-11.00; wing 3.25- 

 3.50; tail 2.75-3.00; bill 0.50; tarsus 0.90. Young hardly differ 

 appreciably from adults. N. Am., everywhere; an abundant and Fig. 162. —Titlark, nat. 



well-known bird of fields and plains ; migratory ; in the U. S. seen ""^- ^^^- '^**- ^"^^ ^- ^-^ 

 diiefly in flocks in fall, winter, and early spring ; breeds in high latitudes, and in the Rocky 

 Mts. above timber line as far south as Colorado ; accidental in Europe ; lays 4-6 very dark- 

 colored eggs, 0.80 X 0.60, in a mossy or grassy nest on the ground; voice querulous, gait 

 tremulous, flight vacillating. (A. ludovieianus of all former eds. of the Key, as of most writers, 

 after Alauda ludoviciana Gm., 1788; but the name A. pensilvanicus (Latham, Syn. Suppl. i, 

 1787, p. 287) has priority. 



Subgenus Neocorys. 



(This section has been given full generic rank in all former eds. of the Key : for characters 

 see foregoing analysis of Anthtis.) 



A. (N.) spraguei. (To Isaac Sprague, of Mass.) Sky Pipit. Sprague's Pipit. Mis- 

 .SOURI Titlark. Adult ^ 9 : Above, variegated with numerous streaks of dark brown and 

 gray, in largest pattern on back, smallest on nape, the gray constituting the edging of the 

 feathers. Below, dull whitish, more or less brownish-shaded across breast and along sides ; 

 breast sharply streaked, sides less distinctly so, with dusky ; a more or less evident series of 

 maxillary spots. Quills dark grayish-brown ; inner ones, and wing-coverts, edged with 

 grayish-white, corresponding to pattern of back. Middle tail-feathers like back ; next ones 

 blackish-brown; two outer pair wholly or mostly pure white; 3d pair from the outside 

 usually touched with white near the end. With reduction of the gray edgings of the feathers 

 of the upper parts by wearing away in siimmer, the bird becomes darker above, with narrower 

 and sharper variegation, and the pectoral streaks are fainter. Bill blackish above ; below, like 

 the feet, pale flesh-color; iris black. After the fall mtailt tlie colors again become pure ; the 



