MNIOTILTID.E: AMERICAN WARBLERS. 



327 



thence extends, more or less interrupted, along entire sides of body ; rest of under parts ochrey 

 or buify whitish; a similar buffy area behind ears ; wing-bars and tail-spots ordinary ; bill and 

 feet blackish. 9> i^ spring: More olivaceous than $, with the markings less pronounced; 

 but always shows evident chestnut coloration : and probably traces of it persist in all adult 

 birds in the fall. The young, however, so closely resemble young striata, that it is sometimes 

 impossible to distinguish them with certainty. The upper parts, in fact, are of precisely the 

 same greenish-olive, with black streaks; but there is generally a difference below — castanea 

 being tliere tinged with buffy or ochrey, instead of the clearer pale yellowish of striata ; this 

 shade is particularly observable on belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts, where striata is 

 whitest ; and moreover, castanea is usually not streaked on the sides at all. Mature spring 

 birds vary interminably in the extent and intensity of the chestnut. Size of striata. Eastern 

 N. Am., N. to Hudson's Bay, W. to the edge of the Plains. Winters extralimital in 

 Mexico, Centr. Am., and the U. S. of Colombia. Migratory in most of the U. S. Breeds 

 from northern New England, Michigan, etc. northward. Nests moderately high, in conifers, 

 usually 15-25 feet up, building a large nest of twigs, tree-moss, rootlets, fur, etc. ; eggs 3-6, 

 0.70 X 0.52, bluish-green, profusely spotted with browns and neutral tints. 

 D. pennsylva'nica. (Of "Penn's woods; " sylva, a forest ; sylranus, sylvan. Figs. 183, 184.) 

 Chestnut-sideu Warbler. Bloody-sided Warbler. Adult (^, in spring: Back streaked 

 with black and pale yellow (sometimes ashy or whitish) ; ivhole 

 crown j)ure yelloiv, immediately bordered with white, then enclosed 

 with black : sides of head and neck and whole under parts pure 

 ivhite, former with an irregular black crescent before eye, one 

 horn extending backward over eye to border the yellow crown 

 and be dissipated on sides of nape, the other reaching downward 

 and backward to connect with a chain of pure chestnut streaks ^^' 

 .^ that run the whole length of 



the body, the under eyelid '^Fia. 183. - Chestnut - sided 



and auriculars being left Warbler, nat. size. (Ad. nat. 



U-. • 1 1 11 del. E. C.) 



white; wing-bands generally 



fused into one large patch, and, like the edging of the 

 inner secondaries, much tinged with yellow; tail-spots 

 white, as usual; bill blackish; feet brown. 9> in spring: 

 Quite similar ; colors less pure; black loral crescent ob- 

 scure or wanting; chestnut streaks thinner. Young: 

 Above, including crown, clear yellowish -green, perfectly 

 uniform, or back with slight dusky touches ; no distinct 

 head-markings; below, entirely ivhite from bill to tail, 

 unmarked, or else showing a trace of chestnut streaks on 

 sides; wing-hands cXgav yellowish as in adult — this is a diagnostic feature, taken in connec- 

 tion with the continuously wliite under parts ; bill light-colored below. Small : Length 4.80- 

 5.10; extent 7.75-8.10; wing 2.30-2..50 ; tail 2.00. Eastern U. S. and adjoining British 

 Provinces ; W. to the edge of the Plains ; whiters extralimital ; breeds abundantly in Middle 

 and Northern States, S. to Illinois, and still further in the Appalachian ranges; nests in forks 

 of low sajilings, shrubs, and bushes ; eggs 4-5, 0.(!8 X 0.50, with the usual markings. A 

 pretty s))ecies chained with chestnut on snowy ground. 



D. maculo'sa. (Lat. maculosa, full of s])ots; macula, a spot. Figs. 185, 187.) Black-and- 

 yellow Warbler. Blue-headed Yellow-rump Warbler. Spotted Warbler. 

 Magnolia Warbler. Adult ^ 9, in spring: Back black, usually quite pure and unin- 

 terrupted in (J, more or less mixed with olive in 9 > rump yelloiv; upper tail-coverts black, 

 often skirted with olive or ashy. Whole crown of head clear ash ; sides of head black, in- 



Fio. 184. — Che.stnut-8ided Warbler 

 (L. A. Fuertes.) 



