FRINGILLID.E: FIXCHES, BUNTINGS, SPARROWS. 381 



black aud bay, the streaking Teaching to the purplish nape ; rump and tail plain grayish- 

 brown. Wings marked mueli as in P. domesticus, with a black and white bar across tips 

 of median coverts, but also a narrow white bar across tips of greater coverts. Primaries 

 more varied with ochrey-browu on outer webs, forming a basal spot and other edging. Be- 

 low, ashy-gray, shaded on sides, Hanks, and crissuin with grayish-brcjwn. Bill blue-black; 

 feet brown. Wing 2.75; tail 2.25. 9 differs much as before. Europe; naturalized about 

 St. Louis and elsewhere. Nesting aud general habits like those of P. domesticus ; eggs 

 similar, smaller, 0.77 X 0.55. 



CARPO'DACUS. (Gr. Kapnos, Tcarpos, fruit; Soko?, dakos, biting.) Purple Bullfinches. 

 Bill smaller and less turgid than in Pinicola or Pijrrlnda, more regularly conic aud more acute ; 

 sides convex in all directions, but with distinct ridge prolonged 

 in a point on forehead where not concealed by the antise, its out- 

 line moderately curved ; commissure decidedly angulated, about '' r~\ 

 straight before and behind the bend; gonys quite straight. Na- ^-"^ 

 sal ruff little developed, barely concealing the slight nasal fossEe, 

 thence falling over sides of bill, but discontinuous across culmen. 

 Wings long and pointed, folding half-way to end of tail or fur- 

 ther, pointed by first 3 or 4 quills. Tail much shorter than Fig. 24L — Bill of Purple Finch, 

 wings, emarginate to even, with rather narrow feathers; both 



sets of coverts reaching more than half-way to end. Feet small and weak ; tarsus shorter than 

 middle toe; lateral toes subequal, outer rather longer than inner, their claws reaching base of 

 middle claw. Sexes unlike. $ extensively red of some shade, 9 streaky brown and white. 

 Head with erectile feathers, but not fairly crested. A beautiful genus, of 25 or mcjre species 

 of New and Old World. 



Analysis of Species and Subspecies (cf). 



Bill conic-acute, with scarcely convex culmen ; edgings of wing- and tail-feathers reddish. (Carpodacus proper.) 



Large : length G.50-7.00 ; bill at least 0.50 along culmen. Under tail-coverts streaked with dusky centres of the 



feathers. Crimson crown well distinguished from merely reddish-brown back. (Southwestern U. S.) . cassini 



Medium: length 5.75-0.25; bill not 0.50 along culmen. Under tail-coverts scarcely or not streaked. Crimson of 



crown not well distinguished from that of back. (U.S.) purpureus 



Like the last ; coloration darker and more diffuse (Pacific Coast) purpureus cali/ornicus 



Bill conoid-obtuse, with very convex culmen. Edgings of wing- aud tail-feathers whitish. (Subgenus Burrica.) 



Small : length scarcely G.OO ; bill about 0.40 along culmen. Front, line over eye, rump and throat red, more or less 

 contrasting with brown or white of other parts. 



Red pretty definitely restricted to the areas said (Southwestern U. S.) mericanus frontalis 



Red spreading over other parts (Lower California) meiicanus ruberrimus 



Large : length G.OO or more ; bill over 0.40 ; wing 3.25. (Insular forms.) 



Red of cf as usual. Guadalupe Island ampins 



Santa Barbara Islands cleinenlis 



Red of cf replaced by orange. San Benito Island macgregori 



C. purpu'reus. (\^i\l. imrpurens, \)\w\Ao. Figs. 241, 242.) Purple Finch (better Crim- 

 son Fixcu). Purple Linnet. Red Linnet. Adult J': Rose-red, paler below, insensibly 

 whitening on belly and crissum, brightest anteriorly, intensified to crimson on crown, darker 

 and more brownish -red on back, where also streaked with dark brown. Wings and tail dusky, 

 cpiills edged and coverts tipped with browmi.sh-red. Lores and feathers about base of bill hoary- 

 whitish. Bill and feet brown ; under mandible rather paler. Length G.00-6.25 ; extent 10.00- 

 10.60; wing 8.00-3.25 ; tail 2.25-2.50 ; tarsus 0.62; middle toe and claw 0.87 ; bill under 0.50. 

 The shade of red is very variable, almost anything but purplish — according to season, and age 

 and vigor of the individual. In high feather, the crown is richer crimsou than any other part, 

 but does not form a definite cap. The auriculars are dusky, and there is an appreciably light 

 rosy stripe over them. Younger $ ^ have frequently a bronzy shade. 9 ^"d young : Oliva- 

 ceous-brown, more clearly olivaceous on rump, everywhere streaked with dusky. Below, 



