FRINGILLID.E: FINCHES, BUNTINGS, SPARROWS. 457 



only eastern species is a typical example. In this, the sexes are very unlike, but the sexual 

 differeuce is less in western subspecies of P. maculatus : all North American forms are 

 black on head and upper parts, with black, white-marked wings or tail, the back also white- 

 marked or not; belly white, sides chestnut. II. Brown Totchees or subgenus Kieneria : 

 variously brown above, paler, etc., below, the sexes alike. These are confined to the south- 

 west, where they stand in the same relation to Fringillidce that the southwestern forms of 

 Harporhijnclms bear to Mimincc. (On recent rupture of the genus, see Coues, Auk, 1897, 

 p. 221.) 



Obs. I. The black series of Pipilo offers a case nearly parallel with those of Melospiza, 

 Peuccea, Passerella, and Junco, already discussed. There is one eastern form much more 

 distinct from the several western ones than these are from one another. It is uniform black 

 above, seldom with a trace of white spotting on scapulars : 9 distinctively brown where ^ is 

 black. The western ones all have spotted scapulars and sometimes also interscapulars ; and 

 9 9 are blackish, much like ^ ^. (These furthermore shade into the olivaceous Mexican 

 stock-form P. maculatits.) It might be more consistent to treat all the black Towhees as races 

 of one incompletely differentiated stock ; but it is not easy to so far ignore the sexual distinc- 

 tiveness, nor the fact that though erythrojihthalmus has occasional spots on the scapulars, 

 its intergradation with the Mexican maculatus is not established. II. The Brown Towhees 

 afford one remarkably distinct species, P. aberti, to be likened to Harporhynchus crissalis ; 

 and several subspecies of the Mexican P. fuscus, incompletely separated from one another, 

 like some of the forms of Harporhynchus. 



Analysis oj Species and Subspecies. 



1. Black Towhees. Colors of the male black, white, and chestnut in definite areas. 



No white on the scapulars or wing-coverts. Sexes very unlike. 



Eyes red. Eastern U. S. at large erythrophthalmus 



Eyes white. Florida, resident e. alleni 



Scapulars and wing-coverts witli wliite spots ; sexes more alike. Western. 



Little if any white at bases of primaries ; none on outer web of outer tail-featliers except at end. Pacific 



Coast region maculatus oregonus 



White on wings and tail as in erythrophthalmus, but interscapulars streaked. Western, interior m. arcticus 



Like the last ; claws highly developed ; sexes nearly alike. Rocky Mt. region m, megalonyx 



Like m. oregonus in color ; mucli smaller ; wing about 3.00 ; taU 3.50. Guadalupe Isl. . . . consobrinus 



2. Brown Towhees. Colors not definitely black, white, and chestnut ; no greenish ; sexes alike. Southwestern. 



Grayish-brown, paler below, without blackish face ; throat and crissum fulvous or rufescent. 



Light ; belly whitening ; crissum yellowish-brown ; necklace of dusky streaks. Texas to Arizona. 



fuscus mesoleucus 



Similar ; more white on throat. L. Gala /. albigula 



Dark ; belly only paler ; crissum cinnamon-brown ; throat fulvous, speckled. Pacific Coast region. 



/. crissalis 



Like the last ; darker above, grayer below ; smaller. S. and L. Cala f. .^euicuhis 



Grayisli-brown, paler below ; face blackish ; no other decided markings aberti 



(Black Toivhees : subgenus Pipilo.) 

 P. erythrophthal'mus. ((Jr. (pvdp6s, eruthros, red; 6(f)6a\fi6s. ophthalmos, eye. Fig. 312.) 

 TownEK l?i:NTiN("r. Marsh Robix. Ground Kobin. Tlrkey Sparrow. Bush-bird. 

 C'liEwiNK. Joreh-Grasel. Adult ^ : Glossy black; belly white; sides chestnut; cris- 

 sum fulvous-brown; primaries and inner secondaries with white touches on outer webs ; outer 

 tail-feather with outer web and nearly terminal half of inner web white, next two or three 

 with white spots decreasing in size ; bill black ; feet pale brown ; iris red in the adult, 

 ashy or brown in the young. Normally, the black pure and continuous; occasionally, white 

 touches on wing-coverts and scapulars. White on primaries confined to bases of outer 6, 

 and then- outer webs at about their middle; on secondaries to outer webs of inner 2 or 3. 

 Bhu-k feathers of throat with concealed whitisli bases. Length T.ilO-S./o ; extent 10.00- 



