FRINGILLIDyE: FINCHES, BUNTINGS, SPARROWS. 461 



like back, unmarked, or some tail-feathers with rusty tips. Below, a jialer sliade of color of 

 back, wliiteuing ou belly, tinged with fulvous and streaked with dusky on sides of throat aud 

 middle of breast, washed with rich rusty-brown on Hanks and crissum ; belly usually quite 

 white, contrasting with rusty Hanks and vent ; throat ochrey, usually immaculate aud embraced 

 necklace-wise with dusky spots in series on each side, aggregated and blotched on breast. Bill 

 dusky, paler below; feet brown, toes usually darker than tarsus. Sexes indistinguishable. In 

 fresh fall specimens, tawny suffuses nearly all the under parts except middle of belly, and the 

 tliroat-spots are diffused instead of being in series. In the very early streaked stage, there is 

 no distinction of a brown cap ; wing-coverts rusty-edged; whole under parts dusky-streaked. 

 Length 8.00-8.50; wing .3.60-4.00; tail 4.25-4.60; tarsus 1.05; bill 0.60. S.W.U. S., chiefly 

 New Mexico and Arizona; but also W. Texas, S. Colorado, Utah, and Nevada; south to N. 

 Sonora aud Chihuahua. Nest in bushes ; eggs, as in all the Brown Towhees, speckled and 

 scratched with dark brown and blackish on a pale greenish ground, 1.00 X 0.70. (P. fuscus 

 of the Key, orig. ed. 1872.) 



P. f. albi'gula. (Lat. albus, white; gida, throat.) White-throated Brown Towhee. 

 St. Lucas Towhee. Exactly like the last, but white of under parts extending farther up 

 breast ; gular spots more restricted, sparser, and better defined. Slightly distinguished ; but in 

 good spring specimens rusty is restricted to crissum ; ochraceous of the throat less extensive, 

 paler, and mainly confined within the necklace, and the size averages less : wing 3,40-3.70 ; tail 

 3.85-4.2.). Lower California, N. to about lat. 30°. 



P. f. seni'culus. (Lat. seniciilus, diminutive of senex, an old man.) Anthony's Towhee. 

 Intermediate between the last; and the next. Said to be distinguished from alhigula by its 

 darker lower parts, more pronounced throat-patch (which is very pale buffy in alhigula), aud 

 chestnut lower tail-coverts ; and to differ from crissalis in smaller size, less rusty on lower 

 parts, darker upper parts and more grayish lower parts. " Above, clear grayish sepia: pileum 

 indistinctly Vandyke brown ; below, smoky gi-ayish with rusty wash on flanks and buffy on 

 lower abdomen ; lower tail-coverts chestnut; throat tawny clay-color, about as in crissalis ; 

 mahir region grayish-brown." Size of the foregoing. Southern California and S. in Lower 

 California to lat. 29°. P. f. senicula, Anthony, Auk, Apr. 1895, p. 1 11 ; A. O. U. List, 2d ed. 

 1895, No. 591 c ; but whatever may be the question regarding the propriety of recognizing 

 tliis connecting link by name, there can be none respecting the gender of the word seniculus. 

 P. f. crissa'lis. (Low Lat. crissalis, relating to the crissmn, the under tail -coverts, which are 

 highly colored.) Crissal Towhee. California Towhee. Similar to mesoZcMC»s ; crown 

 like back ; rather darker above, with an olivaceous tinge, decidedly so below ; middle of belly 

 scarcely or not whitening, gula fulvous strong, and, with its dusky streaks, definitely restricted 

 to throat; flanks and crissum chestnut or deep cinnamon-brown. Rather larger. ^ : Length 

 8.50-9.00 ; wing 3.75-4.00 ; tail 4.50-5.00 ; tarsus 1.12 ; culmen 0.60 ; 9 rather less. Pacific 

 Coast region, N. to Umpqua Valley, Oregon, S. through southern California, abundant. Nest 

 in bushes, proba1)ly also on ground ; eggs 3-4, 0.95 X 0.72, pale greenish or bluish-white, 

 fully spotted with blackish and neutral tints. This is the dark coast form, bearing tiie same 

 relation to mesoleucus that the coast Harporhynchus redivivus bears to the paler H. lecontei of 

 the interior. The crown is brownish, but not forming a cap contrasting with back : throat 

 fulvous ratlicr than ochrey ; this color of very limited extent, and speckled with dusky 

 througliout ; crissum rich rusty. P. fuscns, Cass. 111. 1854, pi. 17; Bd. B. N. A. 1858, 

 ]). 517 ; but not Una fuscus of Sw. Philos. Mag. i, 1827, p. 434 ; Fringilla crissalis Vigors, 

 Voy. Blossom, 1839, p. 19; P. fuscus, var. crissalis CoiiES, Key, orig. ed. 1872, p. 153, and 

 of later writers. 



P. f. carolas (To Charlotte C. McGregor.) Northern Bkown Towhee. Described as 

 grayer and more uniform above, with paler throat and slightly longer tail. Battle Creek. Cal. 

 McGregor, Bull. Cooper Club, i. No. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 11. 



