xxii INTRODUCTION 



8esalo7i and tinntmcukcs, Otus brachyotus, Tiirdus 

 musicus, T. torquatus, Regtdus cristatus, Motacilla 

 luguhris, Linota cannahina and L. jiavirostris, 

 Corvus frugilegus and C. comix, Columba palumbus, 

 Charadrius "pluvialis, Tringa alpina, Scolopax 

 rusticula, Gcdlinago media, and others. Neverthe- 

 less, as specimens of all may be found here during 

 every month in the year, they may be regarded for 

 all practical purposes as residents. 



Periodical Migrants are those which visit us 

 annually and regularly at particular seasons, and 

 vrhose advent and departure may be dated in ad- 

 vance with considerable precision. Of these we 

 have familiar examples in Philomela luscinia, Cu- 

 culus canorus, and the Hirundines, which come 

 here for the summer, and Turdus iliacus and pilaris, 

 which spend the winter with us ; while others, like 

 most of the Sandpipers, perform a double migration 

 and pass through the country twice a year, viz., in 

 spring and autumn. 



The Annual Visitants comprise those which 

 occur in some part of the British Islands annually, 

 but in comparatively limited numbers, and at irre- 

 gular and uncertain intervals. The month in which 

 any of them may be expected may be named ; but 

 the uncertainty of their arrival in any particular 

 district precludes their being placed with the Peri- 

 odical Migrants. Amongst these may be mentioned 

 Oriolus galbula, Regulus igyiicapillus, Ampelis gar- 

 rulus, Emberiza lapponica, Linota linaria, Pastor 



