THE OPALINID CILIATE INFUSORIANS. 341 



the West Indian lands, a connection which probably did once exist 

 for a brief period. To reach the West Indian lands it apparently 

 had to pass by way of Central America, and it might about as readily 

 have passed from Central America to Florida along the Gulf coast as 

 across the Caribbean land bridge to Cuba and then to Florida (fig. 

 237, p. 305). Connection of southernmost Florida with Cuba in 

 Miocene or Pliocene times has been suggested. Connection of north- 

 eastern South America with the Lesser Antilles, the eastern arch of 

 the West Indian Islands, has also been suggested for pre-Miocene or 

 early Miocene times, but we do not have clear indication of union of 

 South America with the Greater Antilles by this eastern route. The 

 Africa-South America connection was probably broken by this time. 

 Von Ihering (1900) places the interruption of the Africa-South 

 America connection not later than the early Tertiary; Eigenmana 

 (1909) places it before the Tertiary; so also do Arldt (1907), Haug 

 (1907-1911), and Schuchert (1915?). 



One member of this division 4, ^, is parasitic in Phrynomcmtis^ a 

 Gastrophrynid. The distribution of this family of Anura, as we shall 

 later see, emphasizes the belief in a direct land connection between 

 western Africa and tropical America (fig. 229, p. 293), making more 

 credible the origin of the Florida Cepedea from an immigrant from 

 Africa. 



Division 4, B (fig. 251, crosses). 



C. globosa ( p. 153 1 in Phyllomedusa (Hylinae ) Central America. 



C. baudinii (p. 154 \ in Hyla Central America. 



These two species have greatly developed, axial, excretory vacuoles 

 like those in the members of division 4, A, but in shape of body 

 they are quite different. Their presence in Central America empha- 

 sizes the suggestion already made that the Florida representatives of 

 these highly vacuolated Cepedeas probably came by way of Central 

 America. These two species may well have evolved from some mem- 

 ber of division 4, A. 



Division 4 as a whole, now represented in both tropical Africa 

 and tropical America, apparently evolved in South Atlantis, that is, 

 the Africa-South America land mass, during the Jurassic (fig. 233) 

 or the early Tertiary (fig. 234). after Australia broke away from 

 Equatoria. 



Division 5 (fig. 252). 



C. pulchra fp. 155^ in Kaloula ("Gastrophryninae) — Cochin China. 



C. pulchra japonica (p. 156 i in Rana Japan. 



C. pulchra javensis (p. 156) in Bufo Java. 



C. occidentahs 'p. 157) in Rana Tropical Central America. 



C. iloridensis p. 158 i in Scapliiopus (Pelobatidae) .Key West, Florida. 



