GENERIC NAMES OF THE FAMILY STAPHYLINIDAE 15 



Osorius, a catalog name, was printed by Dejean in 1821 with one 

 species, O. tardus Dejean. This is not the genotype because tardus was 

 a nomen nudum, even if tardus can later be identified with a valid 

 species under the same or another name. The genus, of course, was 

 not valid in 1821 either, but if it had been therein validated by 

 description, it would have been without originally included fixed 

 genotype. If tardus was identified and properly published by the 

 first reviser, it would be the genotype but would be credited to the 

 reviser and not to Dejean, 1821, as would Osorius itself. 



3. Objective synonymy — a. Isogenotypy: Two names which have 

 the same species as genotype are objective synonyms. They must 

 always apply to the same genus. They may also be called absolute 

 synonyms or nomenclatural synonyms, or they may be said to be 

 isogenotypic. 



b. OBJEcrmTY. Conversely, two names which are objective syno- 

 nyms (such as a jimior homonym and the new name proposed to re- 

 place it) automatically have the same genotype, whether it has been 

 fixed or not. This is in every theoretical aspect similar to (a), dif- 

 fering only in the approach. If the genotypes of two names are 

 fixed, and it is then found that they are the same, the two names are 

 isogenotypic synonyms (objective synonyms). If two names are 

 automatically synonymous, they must have the same genotype and 

 are also objective synonyms. A useful distinction can thus be made 

 between isogenotypy and objectivity, even though they are both 

 phases of objective synonymy. Example : X-us F. 1792 has as geno- 

 type X-us alhvts (L.) Y-us Payk. 1800 has as genotype T-us albus 

 (L.). Since the genotypes are the same, X-us and Y-u^ are isogeno- 

 typic synonyms. Example: A-us F. 1792 (not L. 1758) is renamed 

 B-us. These two names are objective synonyms^ and therefore they 

 must have the same species as genotype. The species will be deter- 

 mined by the first fixation for either name, but it must have been 

 originally included under the older generic name. 



4. Suhsequent monotypy. — If a genus is published without in- 

 cluded species, there can be no genotype until one or more species has 

 been placed in the genus. If a single species only is placed in the 

 genus, it thereby automatically becomes the genotype. It is the only 

 species available and has sometimes been called a monotype. How- 

 ever, since this fixation is quite different from the original monotypy 

 described above, it is best to further identify this as subsequent 

 monotypy. Example : The genus Stenu-s was published by Latreille 

 in 1796 without mention of species. In 1800 a species was placed 

 in the genus by name by Paykull. This is the only species available 

 as genotype, unless it is found that one or more species were placed in 

 the genus at an earlier date. 



