4 BULLETIN 2 00, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



III. Name forms not accorded separate status 

 B. Misapplied names 



8. Misidentifications 

 F. Errors 



9. Lapsus calamorum 

 10. Misspellings 



I. NAMES NOT ACCEPTED INTO OUR FORMAL NOMENCLATURE 



A. Unprinted numes. — Unprinted names (manuscript names and 

 museum labels) have no standing or acceptance in zoological 

 nomenclature, but their existence is recognized in the Kules. They do 

 not have genotypes or any other legal features of scientific names. At 

 any time, however, they may be brought into nomenclature by speci- 

 fied means, and at that time they enter into group II. Little is to be 

 gained by taking any note of these names, except to watch for possible 

 validation of them. 



B. Nomina nuda. — These differ from the preceding only in having 

 been printed, thereby having a deceptive similarity to acceptable 

 names. They do not satisfy the requirements of the Rules and are to 

 that extent similar to the unprinted names. However, they are present 

 in the literature and are often copied in later works. They must be 

 carefully examined to determine that they do not meet the require- 

 ments, and each time they are printed they must be reexamined. Many 

 nomina nuda have been inadvertently validated by careless treatment. 



Nomina nuda may be defined in various ways. Nearly all definitions 

 are centered around the fact that the name was not acceptably pro- 

 posed — not validly published. If we assume that this is the impor- 

 tant fact in the implication of the word, the expression may reason- 

 ably be applied to any name which is proposed without meeting the 

 legal requirements of the Rules. Thus, we class as nomina nuda all 

 published names which are not accompanied by a description or an 

 indication and (since 1930) also with fixation of genotype. 



II. NAMES ACCEPTED INTO NOMENCLATURE 



C. Names currently accepted. — The names in classes 3 and 4 are the 

 only names that are normally applied to animals in practice. Of 

 course, some in classes 5 and 6 may be used because their true status is 

 not recognized, and a few in class 9 are in regular use without sanction 

 of the Rules. 



For many purposes all names in classes 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are treated 

 alike under the Rules. For example, they must meet the same publica- 

 tion requirements, they must all be Latin or treated as such, they can 

 be rejected only because of stipulated reasons, and they all require 

 genotypes. Their genotypes are determined or fixed by the same 

 methods, the explanation of which is the chief purpose of this 

 discussion. 



