60 PRACTICAL ORNITHOLOGY. 



Three different views of our Woodpecker's head and neck will 

 render the structure very obvious. In the lateral view of the 

 parts, Fig. 8, are seen a h, the two horny mandibles; the tongue, 

 c d e, its terminal barbed portion, c d, the fleshy part, d e ; the 

 elongated parts of the hyoid bones, with their muscles, f g ; the 

 eye and orbit, h ; the salivary glands, i i ; the neck, j ; the 

 oesophagus, k h ; the trachea, / I ; the lateral or contractor mus- 

 cles of the trachea, mm:, its cleido-tracheal muscles, nn^ attached 

 to the furcular bone or clavicle, o. 



Viewed from before or beneath, the parts seen are : the lower 

 mandible, h ; the salivary glands, i ^, turned a little aside ; the 

 hyoid bones with their muscles, f g^ f g ; the oesophagus, h k ; 

 the trachea, II; its lateral muscles, m m ; the cleido-tracheal 

 muscles, n n ; the glosso-laryngeal muscles, ;_> p, M'hich, being 

 twisted round the trachea at one end, and attached to the base 

 of the tongue at the other, draw that organ backwards into 

 the mouth ; and lastly, the muscles, q q, which, arising from 

 the sides of the lower jaw, attach themselves to the apohyal 

 bones,///, are continued to their extremity, and on contract- 

 ing thrust out the tongue. 



Fig. 5 represents the apohyal bones and their muscles, a <?, 

 curving over the occiput, meeting on the top of the head, run- 

 ning forward in a groove, deviating beyond the eyes to the 

 right side, and attached to the upper jaw near the right nos- 

 tril, h. 



Several modifications of these parts will be seen in the fifth 

 volume of Mr Audubon's Ornithological Biography, of which 

 the anatomical descriptions and drawings were made by me. 



The trachea is o^.^ inches in length, from three to two 

 twelfths in breadth, and composed of about 80 rings, of which 

 the upper are circular, the rest flattened ; the last entire ring 

 bipartite, and succeeded by two dimidiate rings. The lateral 

 or contractor muscles are strong, as are the sterno-tracheal ; 

 and there are two very slender inferior laryngeal muscles. 



The digestive organs may now be examined. See PI. XIV, 

 Fig. 5. The oesophagus, a b c, is 5\ inches long, its width 

 from half an inch at the commencement to three-twelfths, 

 but in the proventricular portion, b c, dilated so as to form an 



