704 APPENDIX. 



half twelfths long, eight twelfths broad, with its lateral muscles 

 a quarter of an inch thick, the lower very distinct, the epithe- 

 lium longitudinally rugous, of a light reddish colour. The 

 duodenum first curves backward to the length of an inch and 

 a quarter, then folds in the usual manner, passing behind the 

 right lobe of the liver ; the intestine then passes upwards, and 

 to the left, curves along the left side, crosses to the right, forms 

 about ten circumvolutions, and above the stomach terminates 

 in the rectum, which is eleven-twelfths long. The coeca are a 

 twelfth and a quarter in length, and a quarter of a twelfth in 

 diameter. The entire length of the intestine from the pylorus 

 to the anus is thirty-one inches and a half (in another male 

 thirty-one) ; its greatest breadth in the duodenum two-twelfths 

 and a half, gradually contracting to a twelfth and a quarter. In 

 a female, the oesophagus is two inches ten-twelfths long ; the 

 intestine thirty-one inches long. In all these individuals and 

 several others, the stomach contained a great quantity of par- 

 ticles of white quartz, with remains of seeds ; and in the oeso- 

 phagus of one was an oat-seed entire. Although this bird is in 

 its habits very similar to the Crossbills, and feeds on the same 

 sort of food, it differs from them in the form and extent of its 

 crop, in having the gizzard much larger, and the intestines more 

 than double the length, in proportion to the size of the bird. 



LOXI A EUROP^A. EUROPEAN CROSSBILL. Vol. I, p. 41 7. 



Mr J. M. Brown, who has paid much attention to the 

 habits of birds, has favoured me with the following notice re- 

 specting this species. " The Crossbill, although not found in 

 great numbers in any part of Scotland, remains with us during 

 the whole year, and may be met with in small flocks of from 

 eight to twenty or more individuals, among the pines of the 

 midland and higher districts of the country. They feed most 

 eagerly on the seeds extracted from the cones of the Scotch fir, 

 larch, and spruce ; and whilst thus occupied, they keep very 

 quiet, and can be discovered only by the crackling noise made 

 by their tearing open the cones with their powerful and curious 



