GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 325 



1. Location, extent, and quality of the forest areas. 



2. Rate of growth as compared with cutting. 



3. Forest fires, their cause, the damage occasioned, and their pre- 

 vention. 



4. Efi'ects of deforestation upon stream flow, stream polhition, and 

 floods. 



5. Effects of insects on forests. 



Tofogra-pli'iG ivork. — In 1873 the old New York-New Jersey 

 boundary was resurveyed and marked with appropriate monuments. 

 About 1878 there was begun a State topographical atlas on a scale 

 of 1 inch to the mile. This Avas finished in cooperation with the 

 United States Geological Survey in 1887, forming an atlas of 20 

 sheets. The entire cost of this worl: was $54,744, exclusive of en- 

 graving and printing the maps, or $0.93 to the square mile. Through 

 the cooperation of the State with the national organization the ex- 

 pense to the State was reduced to less than half that sum. New 

 Jersey, it may be stated, was tlie pioneer in this cooperative work. 



In 1898 a new series of topographic maps on a scale of 2,000 feet 

 to the inch was begun. 



Scientific and educational. — IMuch attention w^as given to the study 

 of the geologic structure of the State, the order in which the for- 

 mations occur, their tliickness, lithological character, and fossils, if 

 any, and the conditions under which thej' were formed. Much of 

 this vvork has a direct economic value. 



The rocks of the Kittatinny Mountains and Valley, the Green Pond 

 Mountain region, the red sandstone belt, and the Cretaceous clays, 

 sands, and marls have thus been studied. The crystalline rocks of 

 the highlands have also been studied, in cooperation with the United 

 States Geological Survey. The glacial deposits have likewise been 

 studied, and a full report issued, forming volume 5 of the present 

 organization. 



In 189.") a report upon the physical geography of the State and its 

 development was issued, the same forming volume 4 of the final 

 report of the series. This report was accompanied by a photo-relief 

 map of the State. 



The fossils of the marl ])eds were studied by Prof. II. P. Whit- 

 field under Doctor Cook's direction, the results being published in 

 two volumes, by cooperation with the United States Geological 

 Survey. 



In the annual report for 1881 a discussion of the climate of the 

 State was presented. 



Salaries and expenses. — From 18G4 to 1895, inclusive, a definite 

 8um was appropriated in four or five year periods for salaries and 



