382 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ture, and that it should not exceed $2,000 a year. As a rule the 

 assistants on the survey were not paid regular salaries, but received 

 such compensation for their work as was agreed upon between them- 

 selves and the geologist. No official record of the sum thus ex- 

 pended has been preserved. 



In a few instances assistance was given without remuneration, as 

 in the cases of Professors Conrad and Cope in working up the re- 

 mains of fossil invertebrates and vertebrates collected by the survey. 

 So far as can be learned, the geologist in charge of the survey was 

 not paid a salary by any other institution during his connection with 

 the survey. 



With a few unimportant exceptions the assistants employed by 

 the survey were connected with other institutions and gave only a 

 portion of their time to the work. In such cases, so far as can be 

 learned, they were paid salaries by the other institutions with which 

 they were connected. 



Methods in geological loorh. — In general geology, including here 

 lithology and stratigraphy, concerning the methods adopted for the 

 western region of the State the following extract is given from Pro- 

 fessor Kerr's Report of Progress, 1866, pages 19 and 20 : 



Since tbe genero.l geological survey must necessarily serve as the basis and 

 groundwork of the whole this comes first in order. It was necessary, therefore, 

 in the beginning to take a bird's-eye view of the whole field of operations, to 

 make a geological reconnoissance, in order to catch the outlines and leading 

 features of the geological structure of the region to be studied, and thus to 

 construct a skeleton or framework in which all the future details of the work 

 would easily and intelligibly arrange themselves as they should be developed. 

 This was necessary also in order to ascertain the character and amount of the 

 work to be done, and to what points special effort and attention should be 

 directed. This could be accomplished most speedily and satisfactorily by 

 making a series of transverse sections across the upturned edges of the strata. 

 In this State the direction of these edges, the strike, is almost universally from 

 Northeast to Southwest, and this direction, being also that of the dominant 

 mountain chain, the rivers in seeking the line of quickest descent, necessarily 

 take a direction at right angles to the strike ; and having worn for themselves 

 deep channels through the strata, furnish extensive exposures of the rocks and 

 so give the readiest means of obtaining the desired sections, although one is 

 often obliged to use for this purpose the artificial and accidental exposures 

 along the tracks of railroads, turnpikes, and even common roads. 



The Ocvee, Hiwassee, Cheowah, Nautehaleh. Tennessee, Tnckasege, Pigeon. 

 and French Broad, with the Oconaluftee and Toxaway Rivers, furnished me 

 as many sections, some of them partial, some of them completely across the 

 breadth of the State. These sections enabled me to locate beyond the possi- 

 bility of a doubt all the prominent geological features of the region and furnish 

 data also for the construction of a geological map of that hitherto unknown 

 covmtry. 



In all parts of the State where such advantages existed the geolo- 

 gist availed himself of the exposures along watercourses and rail- 



