GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 385 



The geologist, as stated above, received no salary from other in- 

 stitutions than the survey. The cliemist after 1877 vias the chemist 

 and director of the North Carolina experiment station and ex officio 

 chemist to the geological survey. He was paid no salary by the 

 survey, but as chemist and director of the station received an annual 

 salary of $2,000 until 1885, when it was increased to $2,500. 



The cost of engraving and printing connected with the reports of 

 the survey v.-as paid in part out of the funds of the survey, in part 

 (prior to 1877) out of the public fund of the State, and in part 

 (subsequent to 1877, when the department of agriculture, etc., was 

 established) out of the funds of the department of agriculture. 



Benefits. — As covering that period of the survey's existence from 

 1866 to 1875, the following is quoted from Professor Kerr:' 



The benefits of a geolosrical survey hnxe come to be recognized in all civilized 

 communities. They are twofold, i)ositive and negative. In this State they are 

 seen in the discovery and development of mineral wealth — coal, iron, coi)per, 

 etc. ; in preventing or diminishing wasteful and ill-advised and ruinous enter- 

 prises. Several single mines of copper, of iron, and of coal, whose development 

 is due to the operations of the survey, have bi'ought into the State an amount 

 of capital many times greater than the whole cost of the work. More than a 

 million dollars, for example, has been invested in four or five such mines within 

 the last three or four years, and only a beginning has been made. And I 

 make no doubt that in the repression and prevention of mistaken adventures 

 the pecuniary value of the work has been still more important. And many who 

 Jive Jn the eastern section of the State will readily understand that the most 

 important function of the survey is found in the direction of agriculture. The 

 saving to the farmers of that section in one year in the matter of commercial 

 fertilizers alone is counted by hundreds of thousands, without mentioning the 

 direct benefits from the analysis of marls, peats, etc., and the extension and 

 direction of their use. 



Examined in tlie liglit of subsequent years tlie above statement 

 concerning the benefits of the survey may be considered a fair one; 

 and this notwithstanding th.e fact that a few of the mining invest- 

 ments in the State alluded to were unsuccessful. And in many ways 

 the survey continued for nearly another decade to exert its beneficial 

 effects. 



In connection with the mining interests it has encouraged the in- 

 troduction of capital into tlie State, and a more judicious iuA'estment 

 of home capital. In a negative but important way it has been instru- 

 mental in preventing numerous investments where the undertaking 

 would have proved a failure and the money invested lost. 



In connection with the agricultural interests the beneficial results 

 of the survey can not easily be estimated, but doubtless these have 

 been considerable to the people in all sections of the State, and espe- 

 cially to those of the eastern and middle sections. Agriculture, dur- 

 ing the entire existence of the survey, was regarded as an important 



> Geology of North Carolina, 1875, p. xv. 



