REVISION OF FRESHWATER SPONGES OF SPONGILLIDAE 25 



it is possible that future roseaich may i"elegat e the former to a synonym 

 of the latter. The presence of E. carteri m Africa is not surprisuig, since 

 this species was recorded from that continent by Kirkpatrick (1906), 

 even though that author's views were queried by Annandale (1914). 

 Until detailed studies of all African species can be made, it appears 

 advisable to list S. aetheriae as a possible synonym of E. carteri, which 

 it resembles most closely. 



The status of S. rotundacuta Rezvoj has yet to be resolved, since 

 material of this species was not available for the present study. Al- 

 though it certainly is closely related to E. carteri, and probably rep- 

 resents a distinct geographic race, it seems to possess criteria of 

 specific importance (pavement layer of gemmules, structure of 

 megascleres) . 



The distributional path of E. carteri into eastern Europe is highly 

 interesting and would deserve detailed ecological and zoogeographic 

 studies. In spite of a thorough search for this species in Australian 

 waters (Racek, MS.), it has not yet been found there, although it 

 is quite common in surrounding countries of the Indo-West Pacific 

 region. 



Ettnapius fra gilts (Leidy 1851) 



Plate 3, figure 1 



Spongilla fragilis Leidy, 1851, p. 278.— Mills, 1882, p. 57.— Potts, 1884b, p. 216; 

 1886, p. 228; 1887, p. 197.— MacKay, 1885, p. 233.— Wierzejski, 1884, p. 

 239.— Vejdovsky in Potts, 1887, p. 167.— Kellicott, 1891, p. 102; 1897, p. 

 50.— Weltner, 1895, p. 114; 1909, p. 183; 1910, p. 137.— Hanitsch, 1895a, p. 

 127.— Girod, 1897, p. 51; 1899, p. 108.— Levander, 1901, p. 56.— Rousseau, 

 1906, p. 124.— Luhe, 1908, p. 312.— Kirsch, 1909, p. 36.— Annandale, 1909b, 

 p. 106; 1909d, p. 402; 1910c, p. 31; 1911, p. 95.— Annandale and Kawamura, 

 1916, p. 11.— Stephens, 1912, p. 7; 1920, p. 207.— Topsent, 1914, p. 538.— 

 Smith, 1918, p. 239; 1921, p. 17; 1930, p. 184.— Arndt, 1923, p. 74; 1926, p. 

 342; 1928b, p. 165; 1931, p. 33; 1933c, p. 305; 1936, p. 14.— KozhoflF, 1925, p. 

 54; 1930, p. 160.— Rezvoj, 1926b, p. 64; 1930, p. 175.— Gee, 1926c, p. 110; 

 1927b, p. 63; 1927a, p. 1; 1928, p. 225; 1929b, p. 13; 1931e, p. 38; 1931d, p. 28; 

 1932c, p. 37; 1932d, p. 53; 1933b, p. 73; 1934, p. 284; 1937, p. 285.— Schroder, 

 1926, p. 248; 1932b, p. Ill; 1935, p. 99; 1938b, p. 126.— Old, 1932c, p. 239; 

 1932b, p. 469; 1932a, p. 132; 1936b, p. 11.— Pesson, 1934, p. 52.— Sasaki, 1934, 

 p. 226; 1940, p. 166.— Jewell, 1935, p. 462; 1939, p. 16.— Simm, 1939, p. 1.— 

 Rioja, 1940a, p. 175. — Eshleman, 1950, p. 38. — Simon, 1952, p. 79.— Penney, 

 1954, p. 156; 1956, p. 37; 1960, p. 16. 



Spongilla lordii Bowerbank, 1863, p. 466.— Carter, 1881a, p. 89.— Potts, 1887, 

 p. 197. 



Spongilla conteda Noll, 1870, p. 173.— Retzer, 1883, p. 20. 



Spongilla oUawaensis Dawson, 1878, p. 5. — Mills, 1882, p. 57. — Potts, 1887, p. 

 197. 



Spongilla sibirica Dybowsky, 1878, p. 53; 1882, p. 10; 1885, p. 137. 



Spongilla morgiana Potts, 1880a, p. 330.— Potts, 1887, p. 197. 



Spongilla glomerata Noll, 1880, p. 682. 



