REVISION OF FRESHWATER SPONGES OF SPONGILLIDAE 73 



R. cmteriformis, the present studies indicate that its elevation to full 

 specific rank is fully justified. 



Radiospongilla cantonensis is perhaps the best example of the 

 futility for further retention of the subfamihes Spongillmae and 

 Meyeninae. While the closely related R. crateriformis possesses gemmo- 

 scleres of an intermediate form, leading towards true birotulates, 

 those of the species discussed have all the features of birotulates with 

 the exception of their feebly developed rotules, 



Radiospongilla cerebellata (Bowerbank, 1863) 



Plate 5, figures 13-18 



Spongilla cerebellata Bowerbank, 1863, p. 465. — Gray, 1867, p. 553. — Carter, 



1881a, p. 88.— Potts, 1887, p. 194.— Weltner, 1895, p. 114.— Kirkpatrick, 



1907, p. 523.— Arndt, 1936, p. 14.— Jewell, 1952, p. 448. 

 Spongilla cinerea Weber, 1890, p. 35 (not S. cinerea of other authors). 

 Spongilla biseriata Weltner, 1895, p. 138; 1898b, p. 119; 1913, p. 475.— Ku-k- 



patrick, 1906, p. 218.— Annandale, 1914, p. 245.— Cunnington, 1920, p. 



587.— Gee, 1931e, p. 34; 1932c, p. 36.— Schroder, 1933, p. 113; ?1942, p. 



247.— Arndt, 1936, p. 14.— Penney, 1960, p. 13. 

 Spongilla reticulata Annandale, 1907b, p. 387. 

 Spongilla proliferens Annandale, 1907c, p. 15; 1907a, p. 267; 190Sb, p. 157; 



1910d, p. 197; 1911a, p. 63; 1911c, p. 72; 1912d, p. 384; 1918a, p. 210.— 



Vorstman, 1927, p. 183; 1928, p. 116.— Rezvoj, 1929, p. 158.— Gee, 1929d, 



p. 297; 1930a, p. 77; 1932f, p. 506; 1933b, p. 73.— Arndt, 1932c, p. 556.— 



Penney, 1960, p. 27. 

 Ephydatia semispongilla Annandale, 1909b, p. 107. 

 Spongilla semispongilla Annandale and Kawamura, 1916, p. 5. — Annandale, 1918a, 



p. 200.— Gee, 1926c, p. 110; 1927a, p. 1; 1927b, p. 60; 1928b, p. 225; 1930e, 



p. 27; 1931e, p. 48; 1932c, p. 41.— Sasaki, 1936, p. 4. 

 Spongilla alba var. cerebellata Annandale, 1911c, p. 76; 1914, p. 245. 

 Spongilla lacustris var. reticulata Annandale, 1911c, p. 71; 1912c, p. 137; 1912d, 



p. 384; 1918a, p. 210.— Penney, 1960, p. 23. 

 Spongilla lacustris var. cerebellata Weltner, 1913, p. 475. 

 Spongilla micron Annandale, 1916a, p. 49. — Gee, 1926d, p. 87. 

 Spongilla sectospina Rezvoj, 1926a, p. 108; 1928, p. 223; 1929b, p. 158.— Penney, 



1960, p. 28. 

 Spongilla lacustris var. proliferens Gee, 193 le, p. 47; 1932c, p. 40. 



Material. — Sponge fragments and slides of syntypes of S. pro- 

 liferens and S. reticulata (AusM), S. semispongilla, S. micron, and 

 S. sectospina (N. Gist Gee) ; several specimens of all morphometric 

 forms from India, Indonesia, China, and central Africa. 



Description. — General shape of sponge ranging from small and 

 shallow cushions to bulbous masses of the size of a fist; surface rather 

 uneven in larger specimens, distinctly corrugated, brainlike; oscula 

 conspicuous, dermal membrane well developed. Skeleton irregular 

 in small and flat specimens, forming distinct transverse and radiating 

 spicule fibers of variable thickness in those of massive growth; amount 



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