MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE RED HOWLING MONKEY 



23 



they are attached to a bony prominence formed by the pyramid of 

 the palatine (pars palatopharyngea might be a proper denomination) . 

 These fibers swing dorsally toward their insertion on the basilar proc- 

 ess of the occipital (fig. 5). They leave a space between the upper 

 border of the constrictor and the base of the skull, the upper pharyn- 

 geal hiatus, through which the auditory tube enters the pharnyx. 

 This part was completely absent in one male and appears in the female 

 as shown in figure 8. (2) Pars buccopharyngea follows part (1) and 

 is represented by bundles Avith origin in the poorly defined ptery- 



FiGURE 8. — Muscles of the pharynx (1, m. constrictor pharyngis inferior, pars tracheo- 

 pharyngea; 2, m. constrictor pharyngis inferior, pars cricopharyngea; 3, m. constrictor 

 pharyngis inferior, pars thyropharyngea; 4, m. constrictor pharyngis medius, pars mem- 

 branacea; 5, m. constrictor pharyngis medius, pars linguahs; 6, m. constrictor pharyngis 

 superior, pars glossopharyngea; 7, m. constrictor pharyngis superior, pars bucco- 

 pharyngea). 



gomandibular raphe and even sometimes in the inner surface of the 

 mandibular ramus (pars mylopharyngea) (fig. 8). As for the ptery- 

 gopharyngeal fibers, they also run back toward the base of the cranium. 

 (3) Fascicles coming from the sides of the tongue have their origin 

 reaching the tip of this organ in three males (see Schon, 1964a, figs. 

 2, 3, 4), but reaching only the level of its root in another male and the 

 female (fig. 8). They form pars glossopharyngea and run dorsally to 



