ANATID.E— THE SWANS, GEESE, AND DUCKS. 141 



According to Professor Cooke," the Gad well "winters abun- 

 dantly in the Gulf States and sometimes in Illinois in mild win- 

 ters ; it is also known to winter near a warm spring in Wyo- 

 ming. It breeds locally throughout most of its range." 



Subgenus Mareca Stephens. 



Mareca Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool.xii, pt. ii. 1824, 130. Type, Anas penelope Linn. 



Subgen. Chak. Bill small, shorter than the head, rather narrow, the edges parallel to 

 near the end, where they gradually converge to a rounded tip; culmen gently concave; 

 lamellae of the maxilla? almost concealed; feet small, the tarsus about as long as the bill. 

 Adult male in winter with the scapulars and tertials (in the North American species the 

 tail-coverts and rectrioes also) lanceolate. 



The two North American species of the subgenus Mareca may 

 be distinguished as follows: 



Common Characters (adult males in winter dress). Forehead white; posterior half 

 of the middle wing-covert region white, forming a large patch of this color: abdo- 

 men immaculate white; speculum velvety black, with or without green. 



1 . A. penelope. Head and neck plain rufous, the forehead and part of the crown white ; 

 ground-color of the dorsal region, sides, and flanks, whitish. 



2. A. amerieana. Head and neck whitish, speckled with black, and with a dark metal- 

 lic-green space on the side of the occiput (sometimes continued down the nape); 

 ground-color of the dorsal region, sides, and flanks, vinaceous or pinkish cinna- 

 mon. 



Anas penelope Linn. 



WIDGEON. 

 Popular synonyms. Europeon Widgeon; Red-headed Widgeon. 



Anas penelope Linn. S. N. ed. 10. i, 1768, 126; ed. 12, i, 1766, 202. -NAUM. V6g. 

 Deutsehl. xi, 1*12. 724, pi. 305.— Reinh. Ibis, iii, 1861, 12 (Greenland).— A. O. U. Check 

 List, 1886, No. 13G. — Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 96. 

 Mareca penelope SELBY.Br. Orn. ii, 324. — Baird. B. N. Am. 1858, 784; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, 



No. 586— Coues, Proc. Essex Inst, v, 1868, 2'. »9 (Now England); Key. 1872,268; ( 1 k List, 



1873, No. 192; 2d ed. 1882, No. 712; B. N. W. 1871. 5(il (foot-note).— Ridgw. Nora. N. 

 Am. B. 1881, No. 606. -B. B. & R. Water B. N. Am.i, 1884,517. 

 .1 nos eagolca S. G. Gmel. Reise i, 1770, 77. 



Mareca fistularis Stephens. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. ii. 1824, 131, pi. 50. 

 11 ieon, 5 w:k. Brit B.ed.2,iii,286; ed.3,iii, 287. flg. 



II lb. Northern hemisphere in general, bu1 less uniformly distributed In North Amer- 

 ica, where, howevi ring not uncommonlj in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, 



Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Illinois, Wisconsin, California, etc.; br ling in the 



Aleutian island-. Alaska. 



Bird Migration in tin- Mississippi Valley, p. 65. 



