174 BIRDS OF ILLINOIS. 



Clangula hyemalis (Linn.) 



OLD SQUAW. 



Popular synonyms. Old Wife; South Southerly; Long- tailed Duck; Caca- wee (Canada); 

 Swallow-tailed Duck; Hound (Newfoundland); Old Injun (Massachusetts and Con- 

 necticut) ; Old Molly ; Old Billy ; Coween or Cowheen (Ontario) ; Scolder or Scoldenore 

 (New Hampshire and Massachusetts). 

 Anas hyemalis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, i, 1758, 126; ed. 12, i, 1766, 292. 

 Anas hiemalis Beunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 17. 

 Harelda hyemalis B. B. & R. Water B. N. A.m. ii, 1884, 57. 

 Clangula hiemalis Beehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl, 1831, 933. 



Clangula hyemalis A. O. U. Check List, 1886, No. 154.— Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 100. 

 Anas glacialis Linn. S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 203— Wils. Am. Orn. viii, 1814, 93, 96, pi. 70. 

 Harelda glacialis "Leach," Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii, pt, ii, 1824, 175. pi. 58.— Sw. 

 & Rich. F. B.-A. ii, 1831, 460— Baied, B. N. Am. 1858, 800; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 597 — 

 Coues, Key, 1872, 291; Check List, 1873, No. 508; 2d ed. 1882, No. 728; B. N. W. 1874, 579- 

 Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. 1881, No. 623. 

 Fuligula (Harelda) alacialis Nutt. Man. ii, 1834, 453. 



Fuligula glacialis Aud. Orn. Biog. iv, 1838, 403, pi. 312; Synop. 1839, 295; B. Am. vi, 1843, 

 379, pi. 410. 

 Anas miclonia Bodd. Tab!. P. E. 1783, 58. 



Anas longicauda Leach, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus. 1816, 37. 

 Anas brachyrhynchos Beseke, Yog. Kurl. 1792, 50. 

 Flatvpus faberi Beehm, Lerb. Eur. Vog. ii, 1824, 1004. 

 Clangula faberi, megauros, musica, brachyrhynchos Beehm, V. D. 1831, 935, 936, 937, 938. 



Hab. Northern hemisphere; in America, south in winter to nearly the southern bor- 

 der of the United States. 



Sp. Chae. Adult male in winter: Forehead, crown, occiput, nape, chin, throat, 

 lower part of the neck (all round), and upper part of the chest and back, white ; lores, 

 cheeks, and orbital region light mouse-gray, the eyelids white; a large oblong space cover- 

 ing the sides of the neck, black, becoming light grayish brown in its lower portion. Middle 

 of the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, wingfr, lower part of the chest, whole breast, and 

 upper part of the abdomen, black; the pectoral area very abruptly defined both anteriorly 

 and posteriorly— the latter with a strongly convex outline. Scapulars glauoous-white or 

 very pale pearl-gray; posterior lower parts white, the sides strongly shaded with pearl- 

 gray. Basal half of the bill black, the terminal portion orange-yellow or pinkish, with the 

 nail bluish gray; iris bright carmine; feet light plumbeous, the webs dusky, and claws 

 black. "The outer half of the bill rich orange-yellow, that color extending to the base 

 along the ridge, the unguis and the basal half black, as well as the unguis and edges of the 

 lower mandible" (Audubon). Adult male, in summer: Lores, cheeks, and sides of the 

 forehead, pale mouse-gray ; eyelids, and a postocular longitudinal space, white ; rest of the 

 head, whole neck, and upper parts generally sooty-black; upper part of the back more or 

 less variegated with fulvous; scapulars widely edged with the same, varying on some 

 feathers to ochraceous and pale puff. Breast and upper part of the abdomen dark sooty- 

 grayish, abruptly denned behind with a semicircular outline, as in the winter plumage; re- 

 maining lower parts white, shaded on the sides with pale pearl-gray. Bill black, crossed, 

 in front of the nostrils, by a wide band of orange; iris yellowish brown; feet bluish black, 

 the joints and under surface of the webs black. Adult female, in winter: Head, neck, 

 and lower parts, chiefly white; forehead, medially, and crown, dusky; auricular region, 

 chin, and throat, tinged with the same; chest light dingy gray. Upper parts dusky brown, 

 the scapulars bordered with grayish fulvous or light raw-umber brown, some of the 

 feathers tipped with pale ashy. Adult female, in summer: Head and neck dark grayish 

 brown, with a large space surrounding the eye, and another on the side of the neck, gray- 

 ish white; upper parts as in the winter plumage, but upper part of the back variegated 



