LAIJin.F— THE GULLS AND TERNS. 221 



Only two species of Rissa are known, both of which belong to 

 the North American fauna. They may readily be distinguished 

 by the following; characters: 



1. E. tridactyla. Legs and fe t black; wing, about 12.25 inches; culmen. 1.40-1.50; 



depth of bill at lias.-, .59; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe with claw. I 



2. E. brevirostris. Legs and feet deep coral- or vermilion-red (drying yellowish); 



wing, about 13.00 inches: culmen, 1.20; depth of bill through base, 50; tarsus, 1.25; 

 middle toe with claw, nearly 2.00. Hab. North Pacific, particularly the American 

 side. 



Rissa tridactyla (Linn.) 



KITTIWAKE. 



Popular synonyms. Kittiwake Gull; Tarrock (England, name for young): Winter Gull, 

 Pinyole, or Pinny Owl (Newfoundland Banks). 



Larus tridactylus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, i, 1758. 13< - >; ed. 12, i, 1766, 224.— Sw. & Rich. F. B.-A. ii, 1831 . 



423-Nutt. Man. ii, 1834, 298— Aud. Orn. Biog. iii, 1835,186, pi. 224; Synop. 1830, 



326; B. Am. vii, 18 U, 146 pi. 444— Coues. Key, 1872. 314; Check List, 1873. No 

 Rissa tridactyla Bonap. Comp. List. 1838, 62.— Lawk, in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 854. 



— Bairo, Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 072.— Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, 103 (synonymy, et .). 



— Kidgw. Norn. N. Am. B. 1881, No. 658; Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 25— Coues, 2d Check 



List, 1882, No. 782.-A. O. U. Check List, 1880, No. 40. 

 Rissa tridactyla, a. tridactyla B. B. & E. Water B. N. Am. ii, 1884. 202. 

 Larus CRissa) tridactylus Coues. B. N. W. 1874, 644. 

 Larus rixsa Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 42 —Linn. S. N. ed. 12, i. 1700, 224. 

 Larus alius Muller, Natursyst. 1776, 10s (based Buffon's Monetti- Cendree tachettee). 

 Larus cinerarius Fabr. Fauna Groenl. 1780, 101 (not of Linn. 1700.— Winter plumage). 

 Larus nazvius Schaff. Mus. Orn. 1789, 64 (not of Linn.). 

 Larus torquatvs Pall. Zoog. Hosso-As. ii. 1*20. 328. 

 Larus canus Pall. 1. c. 330 (not of Linn.). 

 Larus gavia Pall. 1. c. 329. 



Larus riga Gmel. S. N. i, pt. ii. 1788, 59 1 (misprint). 

 Rissa brunnichii Leach, Stephen's Gen. Zool. xiii, pt. i, 1826, 181, pi. 21, 

 Bissa cinerea Eyton, Cat. Br. B. 1830, 52, 

 Laroides miner Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 756. 

 Rissa b red/is Brehm. Naum. 1855,294 (not Larus borealis Bbucs). 

 Rissa gregaria Bbehm, 1. c. 



Hab. Olrcumpolar regions in summer, coming south in winter to the Middle : 

 and < • i eal Lakes. 



Bp. Chae. Adult in s a m mer: Mantle deep pearl-gray (about the same shade as Larus 

 brachyrhynchus and I., californicus), the secondaries passing into white terminally. Pri- 

 maries pa l.'i- p*earl-gray, the five outer <iuills with their terminal poi tion black, this color 

 ex tending for about 3. 25 inches on the outer and .75 of an inch, more or less, on the fifth, and 

 <>r Intermediate extent on those between ; outer web of the exterior quill almost wholly 

 black ; inner quill ■ pale pearl-blue, scaroelj paler terminally, the sixth sometimes marked 

 with a black spot near the end of the outer \> eb; fifth quill tipped with white, and fourth 

 with a minute apical spot (when not worn off). Rest of the plumage snow-white. Bill pale 

 ypllow, sometimes tinged with greenish; inside of mouth vermilion-red: eyelids red; Iris 

 brown ; legs and teet black oi dusky brown, i lull in winter: Similar, but nape and 



put washed with th lor "f the back, the auricular r< *^:i < ■ n. and immediately in front of the 



eye, with a dark pluml is Buffusion, bod tending across the occiput. Young, 



