224: BIRDS OF ILLINOIS. 



Larus glaucus Briinn. 



GLAUCOUS GULL. 



Popular synonyms. Burgomaster; White Gull; Hutehins's Gull. 

 Larus glaucus Bbunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 44— Fabe. Faun. Grcenl. 1780, 100.— Gmel. S. N. i,pt. ii, 



1788, 600.— Nutt. Man. ii, 1834, 306.-AUD. Orn. Biog. v, 1839, 59, pi. 396; Synop. 



1839, 329; B. Am. vii, 1844, 170, pi. 449.— L vwk. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 842— Baied, 



Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 656-Coues, Key, 1872, 311: Check List, 1873, No. 543; 2d ed. 



1882, No. 768; B. N. W. 1874. 620.— Saundees, P. Z. S. 1878. 165.— Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. 



B.1881, No. 660; Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 26.-B. B. & R. Water B. N. Am. ii, 1884, 211.-A. 



O. U. Check List, 1886, No. 42. 

 Larus hyperhoreus Gunn. in Leem's Lapp. Beskr. 1767, 283— Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 



v, 1882, 39. 

 Larus glacialis "Benicke," Macgill. Mem. Wern. Soc. v, pt. i, 1824, 270. 

 Larus giganteus "Temm." Benicke, Ann. Watterau. Gesellsch. iii, 1814, 140. 

 "Larus consul Boie, Wiedemann, Zool. Mae. i, 126" (Saundees). 

 Larus leuceretes Schleep, N. Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. i, 1819, 314. 

 Larus islandicus Edmondst. Mem. Wern. iv, 1822, 185 (nee Edmonst. op. cit. p. 506 = L. 



leucop terns). 

 Larus hutchinsii Bich. F. B.-A. ii, 1831, 419 (note).— Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862. 



294.— Elliot, Illustr. Am. B. ii, 1869, pi. 53. 

 Hab. Circumpolar regions, south in winter to Long Island, the Great Lakes, and (acci- 

 dentally) Texas. 



Sp. Chae. Adult in summer: Mantle very pale pearl-blue; primaries still paler 

 pearl-blue, or bluish white, fading gradually into white at ends, their shafts yellowish 

 white or pale straw-color. "Iris golden yellow; eyelids orange-yellow; bill lemon-yel- 

 low, greenish toward tip, crimson spot on lower mandible; tarsi and toes flesh-color 

 (L. Kumlien, MS.*). Adult in winter: Similar to the summer plumage, but head and 

 neck streaked with pale brownish gray. "The bill is wine-yellow, the lower mandible with 

 an orpiment patch near the end; the edges of the eyelids pale yellow; the feet flesh-col- 

 ored, the claws bluish black" (Macgillivbay). Young, first plumage: Ashy white, more 

 or less tinged with pale brownish ash below, the upper parts more or less mottled trans- 

 versely with the same : head and neck faintly streaked with the same. Terminal third of 

 bill dusky, basal portion flesh-color; "iris yellowish brown" (Kumlien, MS.+). Young-, in 

 second winter: Wholly pure white, the bill and feet colored as above. Downy young 

 (No. 76,217, Kinjuah Fiord, Cumberland Gulf, June 24, 1878; L.Kumlien): Grayish white, 

 paler below; head and neck irregularly marked with scattered large spots of dusky; back, 

 wings, and rump irregularly clouded with dark grayish. Bill brownish, crossed by a broad 

 dusky band; feet light brown. 



Total length26.00 to 32.1)0 inches; extent, 57.00 to 65.00; wing, Pi.75-18.70 (average L7.93); 

 culmen, 2.30-2.70 (2.52); depth of bill through angle, .80-1.00 (.88); tarsus, 2.60-3.05 (2.85); mid- 

 dle toe, with claw, 2.68 3.00 (2.841. 



* According to Audubon, the adult male has the bill, etc., colored as follows: "Bill 

 gamboge-yellow, with a carmine patch toward the end of the lower mandible, and the 

 cdo ( . s of bcth mandibles at the base of the same color. Edges of eyelids red, iris yellow. 

 I 'eel flesh-colored, daws yellowish." The young are described as having the bill yellow to 

 beyond the nostrils, the end black; the feet flesh-colored, with dusky claws; and the iris 

 brown. 



+ Macgillivray {"Hist. Brit. 2?." v, 5.63, 564) describes the freshcolors of the bill, etc., in the 

 young as follows: "Young: The bill is horn-color, or pale yellowish gray; the upper 

 mandible brownish black beyond the nostrils; the lower beyond the angle. The feet are 

 flesh-color; the claws lightish brown. Young, in thirdwinter: The bill is yellowish flesh- 

 color, with only a dusky spot on each mandible toward the end; iris dull gray; the edges of 

 the eyelids yellow; the feet flesh-color; the claws light grayish black." 



