29-2 Braos or Illinois. 



As in the case of rtuscrcUa, this genus has a single eastern rep- 

 resentative, with several western congeneric, if not conspecific, 

 forms. Pipih, however, reaches its maximum development In Mex- 

 ico, where are special species not found elsewhere. One of these 

 Mexican species {P. mdculdtim. Swains.) passes by gradual transi- 

 tion into P. areticus, Swains., on the eastern .slope of the Rocky 

 Mountains, and P. megtihmti.r, B.urp, on the western side of the same 

 range. The latter gradually blends into P. one/onus, Bell, in the 

 northern coast range of California, and the excessively humid, 

 densely wooded Pacific water-shed to the northward. An approach 

 to an intergradation between P. areticus and the eastern P. crythroph- 

 thahiuix was first noted by Professor Baird, in "Birds of North 

 America," p. 513, where mention is made of a specimen from Fort 

 Leavenworth, Kansas, which had "a few white spots on the scapu- 

 lars only, the wing-coverts without them, exhibiting an approach to 

 P. areticus." On this basis the conspecific relation of the two foims 

 has been argued by at least one author ; but the circumstance that 

 two examples of similar character (one of them even more dis- 

 tinctly spotted than the Fort Leavenworth specimen) have been 

 obtained in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, shows how slow we 

 should be to base so important a conclusion upon a fact of this 

 character, however suggestive it may be. Many mistakes of the 

 kind have been made by thus assuming intergradation without 

 sufficient evidence to support the assumption. 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.) 



TOWHEE. 



Popular Bynonyms. Jiuee; Chiwliik; Towiiik; Ground Uubiu; Turkey Spiirrow. 

 Friiittilla yiUlliroplithalmaljTSH. 8. N. ed. 12. 1,1766.318.— NuTT. Man. i. 1832.515— AUD. 

 Orn. BioB. i.l8»2.150: v. 1839. 511, pi. 29. 

 Embn-iza erutln-oplilliahna Gmel. S. N. I, 1788, 87-1.- Wn-S. Am. Orn. vi, ISli, 9(1, pi. 5,f. 

 Pimln erylliroDhlhabna ViELLL. Gal. Ois. i. 1824. 109. pi. SO.-Acp. Syn.ip. 1839, 124; B. 

 Am. lii, 1811, Vn. pi. m.— Baird, B. X. Am. 18.'i8,.'.I2; Cat. N. Am. B. IR-W. No. ;OT.- 

 COUES. Key, 1872, l.ll ; Clipok List, 1873, No. 2I14 ; 2d od. 18S2, No. 3()1 ; B. N. W. 1874. 173.— 

 B. B. & It. Hist. N. Am. B. ii, 1874,106, 109,pl.31. IIrs. 2, 3.— KiDciw. Nom. N. Am. B. 

 lS81.No. 237. 



Hab. Eastern Onltod States and British Provinces, west to Miunosota, eastern Kan- 

 siis.und eastern Texas, resident south of 40°. (In Florida roplneed by /'. pri/lhrophllinhiitis 

 allriii, a smaller race, with white of wings and tail more restrli'ted. and eyes yellowish 

 or white instead of bright red.> 



"Sp. C'HAn. Upper parts generally, head ami neek all rouml. and upper part of the 

 breast, glossy Mack, abruptly dellni'd against the pure white which extends to the anus, 

 but is biiniiili-d .'n the sides and under the wings by light clustiiui, which is sometimes 



