•294 IIIUDS OF ILLINOIS. 



tlic Itnisli-pilos, the l)raiul)les, and the thicket, with n nervous, 

 sparrow-like moveineiit, its tail beint; often thrown up, after the 

 manner of the Chat or Wren. Frequently it calls out cluwink, or 

 toirhte, with a sharp and somewhat prolonRed aspirate on the sec- 

 ond syllable, thus rendering either of these words, which have 

 become its common names, very distinctly ; but in order to get the 

 exact elTect, the words must be pronounced just so,— with just such 

 an emphasis and intonation." ("Our ]iirds in their Haunts," pp. 

 577, 578.) 



Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte. 



Cardinalia Bonaparte. P. '/.. S. ls3i. U. Typi-. /.oxia <-ai-ilinali« Linn. 



"Gen. CuAit. Bill enormously liiree; eulmou very Hlit;l>tly curved. commlRsure slnu- 

 iited: lower Jiiw broader thuii tile leiigtli of the Bonys.considenibly wider tliiiu the upper 

 Jiiw, nbout 119 deep as the latter. Tarsi loiiBer than middle toe: outer toe rather the 

 loDBer. rcaohlnB a little beyond the base of the middle one : hind toe not so long. WInKs 

 moderate. reachiuBOver the basal third of the exposed part of the tail. Four outer iiuill-.. 

 graduated ; the first equal to the seeondaries. Tail lonK. decidedly longer than the wings, 

 considerably graduated : feathers broad, truncated a little obliquely at the end. the cor- 

 ners rounded. Color red [in adult male]. Head crested. 



"The essential characters of this genus are the crested head ; 

 very large and thick bill, extending far back on the forehead, and 

 only moderately cuiTed above ; tarsus longer than middle toe ; much 

 graduated wings, the first primary equal to the secondary quills; 

 tlie long tail exceeding the wings, broad and much graduateil at 

 the end." (Hist. X. Am. B.) 



Only one species in eastern North America, and none in the 

 west, except along the southern border, where two geographical races, 

 C. cardhudis superbus, Kidgw., and C. igneus, Baird, occur in Arizona 

 and at Cape St. Lucas respectively. In eastern Mexico C. viniiuitt- 

 nu.H coccineits, Eidow., replaces C. cardiiiaU.>i proper and C. superbus, 

 the latter, however, being the only form in western Mexico. A second 

 species, ('. carneus, Less., belongs to the western coast of Central 

 America (Acapulco to Realejo), while a third, C. p)urniccus, Goi'ld, 

 is found in northern South America. 



