230 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. 



ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND SUBORDERS. 



Page 



I. Toes 3; 2 in front, 1 behind Piciformes of Picarim 4AA 



TL. Toes 3 ; 3 in front. Toes — cleft or semipalmate LiMicoLiE 596 



~ palmate. Nostrils — tubular Lonoipennes T32 



— not tubular Pygopodes 787 



III. Toes 4; 2 in front, 2 behind. Bill — cered and hooked Psittaci 494 



— neither cered nor hooked. Tail feathers — 8 or 10 



Cuculiformes q^Picari.*; 444 

 — 12 Piciformes o/FiCARiM 444 



IV. Toes 4; 3 in front, 1 behind. 



Toes — syndactyle CucuUformei^ of Picarim 4^ 



— totipalmate (all four full-webbed) Steganopodes 718 



— palmate. Bill — curved up LiMicoL.ffi 596 



— not curved up — lamellate Lamellirostres 677 



— not lamellate. Hallux — lobate . . . . . Pygopodes 787 

 — not lobate . . Longipennes 732 



— lobate. Tail — rudimentary Pygopodes 787 



— perfect. — A horny frontal shield Alectorides 665 



— No frontal shield LlMlcOL^E 596 



— semipalmate ; joined by evident movable basal web (go to A). 



— cleft to the base or there immovably coherent (go to B). 



A. Hind toe — elevated. Tibiae — feathered below. Nostrils — perforate . . . Cathartides of Raptores 496 



— imperforate. Gape — reaching below eye 



Cypselifo^mes o/'Picari.e 444 

 — not reaching below eye 



Gallin.*; 571 

 — naked below. Nostrils — perforate Alectorides 665 



— imperforate. Tarsi — scutellate in front 



LiMioOL^ 596 



— reticulate. Head — bald 



Herodiones 647 

 — feathered 



LlMICOL.aE 596 



— not elevated. Tibiae — naked below Herodiones C47 



— feathered below. Bill — cered and hooked Raptores 496 



— not cered. Nasal — membrane soft Columb^ 561 



— scale hard . Galling 571 



B. Hind toe - elevated. Gape — reaching below eye Cypseliformes of Pioari^ 444 



— not below eye. Ist primary — emarginate or about = 2d . . Limicol.e 696 

 — not emarginate and shorter than 2d 



Alectorides 666 



— not elevated. Nostrils — opening beneath soft swollen membrane Columb^ 561 



— otherwise. Bill — cered and hooked Raptores 496 



— otherwise. Secondaries — only six 



Cypseliformes of Picari.s: 444 

 — more than six (go to a) 

 a- Primaries — 10 ; 1st more than | as long as the longest Clamatores ofj 



....... .»i .i.i ? PASSERES 238 



— 10 ; Ist not § as long as the longest » Oscinesof) 



— 9 only i 



