SYLVICOLIDJE — SYLVICOLINjE : TRUE WARBLERS. 295 



fuscous, edged with the color of the back. Entire under parts yellow, including under wing- 

 coverts and edge of the wing, the sides shaded with olive. Length 4.50— i. 75 ; extent 7-50; 

 wing 2. ."53-2. 50; tail 1.75-2.00. 9 > i" summer : Similar. Head less purely ashy. Crown- 

 patch smaller and more hidden, if not wanting. Yellow of under parts paler, wliitening on the 

 Ixllv. Autumnal specimens, of both sexes, though quite as yellow below as in summer, have 

 the ash of tlie head glossed over with olivaceous, and in birds of the year the crown-patch may 

 be entirely wanting. This species is distinguished by the rich clear yellow of the under parts 

 at all seasons. In H. celata, which is next most yellow below, the color has a greenish cast ; 

 the head is little, if any, different from the rest of the upper parts, and the crown-patch is 

 orange-brown. Temperate Noi'th America, but especially the Eastern Province; west only 

 rarely to Utah, Nevada, and even California. A common bird, migratory in most of its U. S. 

 range, but breeding in New England (and farther south in alpine regions) and thence north- 

 ward. Nest on the ground, like the others, and eggs not peculiar. 



107. H. cela'ta. (Lat. celata, concealed, as is the orange on the crown.) Orange-crowned 

 Warbler. ^ 9 , in summer : Upper parts olive, duller and washed with grayish toward 

 and on the head, brighter and more yellowish on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Beneath, 

 greenish-white, palest on the belly and throat, more olive-shaded on the sides ; the color not 

 pure, but rather streaky, and having in places a grayish cast. Wings and tail edged with the 

 color of the back ; lining of the wings like the belly, and inner edges of tail-feathers whitish. 

 Orbital ring and lores yellowish. An orange-brown patch on the crown, partially concealed, 

 smaller and more hidden in the 9 than in the ^. Length 4.80-5.20; extent 7.40-7.75 ; wing 

 2.30-2.50. Resembling the last, and often difficult to distinguish in immature plumage ; but a 

 general oliveness and yellowness, compared with the ashy of some parts of ruficapilla, and the 

 different color of the crown-patch in the two species, will usually be diagnostic. The sexes of 

 this species scarcely differ, and young or autumnal birds are very similar to the adults, except 

 the fi-equent or usual absence of the orange-brown crown-spot in birds of the year. The 

 species is well distinguished from all its allies by the color of the crown-patch. North America 

 at large, but especially the Western and Middle regions ; rare or occasional in the Eastern 

 Province ; north to high latitudes in British America and Alaska ; migratory ; breeds in Arctic 

 regions and in alpine localities further south ; nest and eggs not peculiar. 



108. H. c. lutes'cens. (Lat. lutescens, growing yellowish.) Pacific Orange-crowned War- 

 bler. Differs in being much more richly colored. It may be described simply as olive-green 

 above, and greenish -yellow, shaded with olive on the sides, below, without any of the qualify- 

 ing terms required, for precision in the case of typical celata. Pacific Coast region, Alaska to 

 Lower California. 



109. H. peregri'na. (Lat. peregrina, wandering, alien, foreign; i. e., migratory.) Tennessee 

 Warbler. ^, adult: Upper parts yellowish -olive, brightest posteriorly; on the fore parts 

 and head changing to pure ash, without any greenish tint whatever. No crown-patch of any 

 different color. Lores, eye-ring, or frequently a decided superciliary stripe, whitish. Entire 

 under parts dull white, scarcely or not tinged with yellowish. Wings and tail dusky, strongly 

 edged with the c(dor of the back, the outer tail-feathers frequently with an obscure whitish 

 spot. Bill and feet dark. Length 4.50-4.75, rarely to 5.00; extent 7-50-8.00; wing about 

 2.75, thus long for the size of the bird, and especially in comparison with the short tail, pointed, 

 with little difference in length between the first three or four quiUs ; tail only 2.00 or less, thus 

 renmrkably short ; the comparative length of wings and tail, w'ith other characters, probably 

 always distinguishes the species from the foregoing. 9> adult: Quite like the $, but ashy of 

 the head less pure and clear, and under parts more or less tinged with greenish -yellow. 

 Young : Entire upper parts strongly and uniformly yellowish-olive, like the rump of the adult 

 ^, or even brighter, tiiis color also tinging the eye-ring and superciliary stripe. Under parts 

 as in the adult 9 , or more decidedly greenish-yellow, leaving only the belly and crissum whit- 



