SLYVICOLIDJE - SYLVICOLIN^ : TRUE WARBLERS. 299 



brenttt jet black, prolonged boluud as stivaks on the sides; other under parts white, usually 

 yeUow-tinged ; wings and tail dusky, former with two white hars and much whitish edging, 

 latter with outer feathers nearly all white ; bill and feet blackish. J in the fall, and 9 i" the 

 simng: Similar, but the black restricted, interruj)t('d, or veiled with yellow; young i^'uu'iVdv to 

 the 9 7 but the black still more restricted or wanting altogether, except a few streaks along 

 sides. Small: Length 4.80-5.10; extent 7.60-8.00; wing 2.30-2..55 ; tail 2.00. Eastern 

 I'. S. and British Provinces, west only to the edge of the Plains; migratory, abundant; breeds 

 from higher portions of tlie Middle States, and plentifully from New England northward; 

 winters extralimital. This jaunty bird is one of the commonest warblers of summer in New 

 England, breeding in the pineries, in June. Nest in fork of a bough, usually at some elevation, 

 of the most miscellaneous materials ; eggs 4-5, 0.07 X 0.54, white, with the usual sprinkling 

 or wreathing of brown and purplish markings. The nuptial song is very peculiar. 



113. D. occidenta'Iis. (L&i. occidentalism western; where the sun sets.) Westerx Warbler. 

 Hermit Warbler. $, adult: Above, ashy-gray, tinged with olive, especially on the rump, 

 and closely streaked with black ; below, white. Top and sides of head rich yellow, the former 

 with transverse black markings. Central line of chin, throat, and jugulum black, ending on 

 the breast with a sharp convex outline, contrasted with the adjoining white. Wings and tail 

 asinwrm.s. Bill black. Length 4.75-5.00; extent 7.75 ; wing 2.50-2.75 ; tail 2.12-2.25 ; 

 tarsus 0.66-0.75 ; bill 0.40. 9 > adult : Described as similar to the male, but darker gray 

 above, with the yellow of the head less extended, and the throat whitish, spotted with dusky. 

 Young: Upper parts olivaceous-ash, and the yellow of the top of the head overlaid with olive. 

 Sides of the head pretty clear yellow, feding gradually into the white of the throat. No black 

 on the throat. White of the under parts faintly brownish-tinged, and sides with obsolete 

 streaks. In a September specimen the dusky olive extends over all the upper parts, tinging 

 the ashy of the lower back, and reaching on the crown nearly to the bill, where it gradually 

 lightens by admixture of yellow ; the sides of the head are clear yeUow, soiled with some 



, olivaceous ; chin and throat the same, fading on the breast into the dull white of the other 

 under parts ; sides with obsolete streaks, and a slight grayish-olive wash. There is no black 

 whatever about the head or throat, and the blackish streaks of the back are obsolete. The 

 wings are twice-barred with the conspicuous white tips of the greater and median wing- 

 coverts. Rocky Mts. to the Pacific, U. S. and southward ; one of the several western relatives 

 of J), virens. 



114. D. town'sendi. (To J. K. Townsend.) Townsend's Warbler. ^, adult: Entire 

 upper parts yeUowish-olive, rather dai'ker than in virens, everywhere streaked with black, 

 especially on the crovra, where the black usually predominates ; no hidden yellow on the 

 crown. Side of the head bright yellow, enclosing a lai'ge black patch, constituted by the 

 loral and orbital and auricular regions, in which the yellow eyelids appear. Chin, throat, 

 breast, and sides part way, yellow, the jugulum black ; the sides of the breast and of the body 

 streaked with black. Under wing-coverts, belly, flanks, and crissum white, the two latter 

 slightly shaded and streaked with dusky. Wings crossed with two white bands, that of the 

 median coverts broadest. Wings and tail fuscous, the former with pale edgings, the latter 

 having two or three outer feathers largely blotched with white. Bill and feet blackish horn- 

 color. Length about 5.00; extent 7.50-8.00; wing 2.25-2.50; tail 2.00. 9 : Like the (J, but 

 the black of the jugulum mixed with yellow (and that on the sides of the head mixed with or re- 

 placed by olive?) Young: Shade of the u])per parts slightly brownish, and the black streaks 

 slight, obsolete, or wanting. The dark patch on the side of the head olivaceous, like the back. 

 No continuous black on the jugulum. Autunmal adults show various gradations between the 

 characters of the old and young. Very closely related to D. virens, of which it is the western 

 representative. Adult males readily distinguished by the darker greenish upper parts, con- 

 spicuously streaked, especially on the head, with black ; the black cheeks and auriculars ; 



