ANATin^ — FULIGUZINJE: SEA DUCKS. 715 



36.00; wing 9.00-10.00; tarsus 1.67 ; niiddle toe and claw 3.2.5 ; bill 2.25-2.50 along gape. 

 N. Am. at large, casual in Europo ; chiefly coastwise, also on larger interior waters; U. S. in, 

 winter, abundant, breeding in high latitudes. (N. B. In upper fig. 497 the first reentrauce 

 indicates extent of feathering under the bill, the next the mandibular rami.) 



740. CE. p. trowbrid'gii ? (To W. P. Trowbridge. Fig. 498.) With the bill longer, exceed- 

 ing the head, aud of slightly dif- 

 ferent shape ; feathers falling short 

 of nostrils ; gape about 2.75 ; white 

 frontal patch small, its posterior 

 border anterior to a line between 

 eyes, instead of reaching or pass- 

 ing beyond this. Coast of Cala. 

 Scarcely tenable. 



898. ERISMATU'RA. (Gr. epeto-/ia. 



creisma, a stay, prop, pier, and 



. ., ., ..fe ] Fig. 498.— Trowbridge's Surf Duck, reduced. (From Elliot.) 



ovpa, oura, tail, as the stiffened . v / 



member might seem to be.) Rudder Ducks. Remarkably distinguished from other 



FuliguUtKB excepting Nomonyx by the stiffened, linear-lanceolate tail-feathers, 16-20 in 



number, exposed to the base by reason of extreme shortness of the coverts, their shafts 



enlarged, channelled underneath; appearance of tail strikingly like that of a cormorant. Bill 



about MS long as head, scarcely liigher than broad at base, widened and depressed at end, 



which is almost turned up. NaU as viewed from above very small, narrow, and linear, greatly 



expanding on a decurved part bent under the end of the bill (unique). Head small, and neck 



thick ; you can draw the skin of the ruddy duck over the head, which is impracticable with 



most ducks. Tarsus short, toes very long, the middle with claw twice as long as tarsus. 



One species. 



741. E. ru'bida. (Lat. rw&trfa, ruddy.) Ruddy Duck. (J, in perfect plumage : Neck all around 

 and tlie upper parts and sides of body rich brownish-red, or bright glossy-chestnut. Lower 

 parts sillcy silvery-white 'watered' with dusky, yielding gray undulations. Chin and sides of 

 head dead-white; crown and nape glossy-black. Wing-coverts, quills, aud tail, blackish- 

 brown. Bill and edges of eyelids grayish-blue; iris reddish -brown ; feet bluish-gray, with 

 dusky webs. Not often seen in this faultless dress in the U. S. As generally observed, and 

 9, brown above, finely dotted and waved with dusky; below paler and diiUer, more grayish, 

 with dark undulations, and often a tawny wash, as also occurs on the white of the head; crown 

 and nape dark brown; crissum white; bill du|ky. Length 15.00-17.00; extent 20.00-24.00; 

 wing 5.50-6.00; tail 3.50; tarsus 1.25; middle toe and claw 2.60; bill 1.50. A curious and 

 interesting duck, abundant in N. Am. at large, wintering in U. S., breeding from N. border of 

 U. S. northward. It is an expert diver, and swims well under water, when its rudder comes 

 into use, like a cormorant's; it is held cocked up when not in use, so that this duck does not slope 

 down behind as most do on the water. When alarmed, it sometimes sinks quietly backward 

 into the water, like a grebe; but some other sea ducks, as the harlequin, will do the same. 

 The tail well illustrates a method in which early down-feathers are supplanted by true quills. 

 Up to the time the flappers are 8 or 10 inches long, the true tail-feather bears at its end the 

 simple stem of the down-feather, terminating in a bushy tuft of loose barbs ; the whole affair 

 then breaks off and falls. (See Am. Nat., xii, 1878, p. 123, fig.) 



299. NOMO'NYX. (Gr. i/oVo?, nomos, law, order; ouvi, onur, nail: nail of bill ordinary.) Rud- 

 der Ducks. Character of Erismatura, but nail of bill not peculiar. Inner secondaries so 

 lengthened as to fold over the primaries in the closed wing. 



742. N. domi'nica. (Of St. Domingo.) St. Domingo Duck. General color ferruginous, or 

 chestnut-red, more or less extensive and continuous on under parts and around neck, varied 



