PHALACROCORACIDJE : CORMORANTS. 727 



brouzy-gray, black-e«lged ; quills and tail grayish-black; feet black. In summer, whon 

 breeding, a white Hank-patch, numerous long thready white plumes scattered on head and 

 neck, and a small black occipital and nuchal crest. Length 36.00 ; extent 60.00 ; wing 

 12.00-li.OO; tail 6.00-7.00 ; tarsus over 2.00 ; bill 3. tO along ridge, 4.00 along the gape. In 

 winter no crests or white feathers on neck or flanks. Ycnmg : Bill grayish-brown, black on 

 top and at tip ; bare skin and sac yellow. Top of head and hind neck brownish-black ; back 

 and wing-coverts brownish-gray, the feathers with dark margins, some of them also edged 

 finally Avith whitish. Throat brownish-white, and under parts generally whitish, blackish 

 along the sides, dusky under the wings and across lower belly. The naked young in the nest 

 are unpleasant livid purplish objects, with protuberant bellies, and large feet ; the first down is 

 blackish. Eggs 3, sometimes 4, bluish-green coated with white chalky substance, 2.60 X 1.75; 

 nests of sticks, moss, and seaweeds, very filthy and oflFensive. Atlantic Coast of Europe and 

 North America ; breeds in great numbers on the rocky shores of Labrador and Newfoundland ; 

 S. to the Middle States in winter. 

 751. P. dilo'phus. (Grr. bis, dis, twice ; \6(f)oi, lophos, crest. Fig. 506.) Double-crested 

 Cormorant. Tail of 12 feathers. Gular sac convex behind. No colored gorget. Glossy 



Fig. 506. — Double-crested Cormorant, nat. size. (Ad nat. del. E. C.) 

 greenish-black ; feathers of the back and wings coppery-gray, black-shafted, black-edged. 

 Adult with curly black lateral crests in tbe breeding season, but few if any other filamentous 

 white ones, over the eyes and along the sides of the neck ; white flank-patch not observed in 

 any specimens examined, probably not occurring ; iris green ; gular sac and lores orange. 

 Winter spec, with bill bright yellow, blackening along culmen, gular sac red anteriorly, ochrey- 

 yellow posteriorly ; legs dull black. Length 30.00-33.00 inches; extent 50.00; wing 12.00- 

 13.00; tail 6.00-7.00; bill along gape 3.50; tarsus a little over 2.00. Young: Plain dark 

 brown, paler or grayish (even white on the breast) below, without head-plumes. N. Am., at 

 large, the commonest species, the only one diffused over the interior ; eggs 3-4, 2.50 X 1-55. 



752. P. d. cincinna'tus. (Lat. cincinnatus, having curly hair.) White-tufted Cormorant. 

 General character of the preceding, of which it appears to be a large northern variety. White 

 lateral crests, of a superciliary bundle of long curly filamentous feathers. Larger : size of 

 P. carbo. Alaska. 



753. P. d. florida'nus. Florida Cormorant. Similar to, smaller than P. dilophus. Length 

 30.00 or less ; extent 45.00; wing 12.00 or less; tail 6.00 or less ; tarsus a little under 2.00; 

 but bill as large if not larger ; gape nearly 4.00. The plumage is exactly the same. There 

 are said to be certain difierences in the life-colors of the bills (blue instead of yellow on under 

 mandible and edges of upper — Audubon), but none show in my specimens. This is simply 

 a localized southern race of dilophus, smaller in general dimensions, with relatively larger bill. 



