LARID^ — LARIN^: GULLS. ► 749 



the secondaries, which tenniual half- inch is white. Primaries : the first has its shaft and outer 

 vauc bhick, but has on its inner vane a space of dull gray (not white), which at the base of 

 the feather occupies nearly all the vane, but gradually grows narrower until it ends by a well- 

 defined rounded termination half as broad as the vane itself, about 2i inches from the tip of the 

 feather, these 2^ inches being black, like the outer vane. Second : the outer vane is of the 

 same leaden gray as the back, to within four inches of the tip ; the inner vane is of a rather 

 lighter shade of the same color, to within three inches of the tip, the gray ending abruptly, being 

 in fact almost truncated. Third : like the second, but the gray extends further, leaving only 

 a space of two inches black ; and the tip has also a minute apical gray spot. Fourth : whoUy 

 bluish-gray to vrithin li inches of the tip, which has a larger gray apical spot than has the 

 third, so that the black is less than 1^ inches long. Fifth : the gray extends so far that it is 

 separated from the well-defined white apical spot by a band of black less than li inch wide. 

 Sixth : gray, fading into white at the tip, and with the black reduced to a small subapical spot 

 on one or both webs ; other primaries like the sixth, minus the black spot. (This " gray " of 

 the primaries is the color of the mantle.) Legs and feet coral-red, especially the toes and webs 

 (the tarsi not quite so bright) ; drying yellow. Claws black. Young not seen. Bird at times 

 said to have a black eye-ring and dark spot behind eye. Nestlings covered with white down, with 

 whitish bill and feet. Dimensions: Bill along culmen 1.20 inches; along rictus about 1.70; 

 from nostril to tip 0.60; depth at base 0.50; vi'idth 0.43; depth at symphyseal eminence 0.42; 

 wing 13.00; tail about 5.00; tarsus 1.25; middle toe and claw nearly 2.00; length of the whole 

 bird, apparently about 14 inches. A beautiful and very distinct species, swarming by thou- 

 sands in islands in Bering's sea, where it is a permanent resident ; nests on shelves of the most 

 inaccessible crags, building a substantial structure of grass, moss, and seaweeds, mixed with 

 mud; eggs 2-3, size and shape of a hen's eggs, of the usual pattern of coloration : June, July. 

 PAGO'PHILA. {Qrv. trdyos, pagos,\ce\ ipiKos, pMlos,lo-w'mg.) ICE GrULLS. BiU very short, 

 much less than the head, only about equal to the short tarsus, very stout, little compressed, the 

 nasal fossa deep, the nostrils placed far forward. Legs and feet very short and stout, the scales 

 of the tarsus and toes large and rough. Tibia feathered to near the joint; tarsus short, about 

 as long as middle toe without claw ; claws large, strong, and much curved ; webs narrow and 

 much incised; a slight connection of hind with inner toe. Size moderate; form stout; color 

 entirely white. One species. 



P. ebur'nea. (Lat. eburnea, of or like ebur, ivory.) Ivory Gull. Adult, breeding plu- 

 mage : Culmen straight to the nostrils, then regularly convex ; commissure gently curved to the 

 tip, where it is considerably decurved ; gonys straight to near the angle, which is well defined^ 

 the outline from angle to tip perfectly straight. Feathers extending between the rami nearly to 

 the angle. Wings long and pointed, reaching beyond the tail ; primaries gradually attenuated 

 to the tip. Color entirely pure white, the shafts of the primaries straw-yellow. BiU dusky 

 greenish, yellow at tip and along the cutting edges. Legs and feet black. Eye brown, the 

 edges of the eyelids red. Young : Front, chin, and sides of the head, grayish-dusky; the upper 

 part of the neck, all round, irregularly spotted with the same. Scapulars, and upper and under 

 wing-coverts, spotted with brownish -black, the spots most numerous along the lesser coverts. 

 Tips of the primaries and tail-feathers with a dusky spot. Dimensions : Length 19.00; extent 

 41.00; \^'ing 13.25; bill above 1.40; along gape 2.10; height at nostrils 0.45; tarsus about 

 1.45 ; middle toe and claw 1.75. Arctic seas of both hemispheres, coming southward in win- 

 ter, but rarely to the U. S. 



CHROICOCK'PHALUS. (Gr. xpo^xos, chrmlm, colored ; xe^aXij, kephale, head.) Hooded 

 Gulls. Kosy Gulls. Form as in Larus, but general organization averaging less robust, 

 size smaller, and bill usually weaker, slenderer, more acute and less hooked. Head enveloped 

 in a dark hood in the breeding season, when white of under parts usually blushing pink or 

 rosy. Markings of the primaries varying with the species, but difterent from that of the larger 



